and the failure to recognize the rights of a neutral state, as was the case in the first diplomatic controversy between Great Britain and the United States during the administration of Washington. They show the unexpected issues that may arise from a federal form of government in dealing with an international question, as occurred to Daniel Webster, while Secretary of State, in the noted case of the "Caroline." They also show how the international law of recognition became clarified and rendered more distinct to the American people, through the efforts of the United States to enfranchise the oppressed people of Cuba. One of the most remarkable illustrations of the perversion of modern diplomacy is seen in the threatened partition of China by the Western European powers -there being no instance in recent times of such a systematic attempt to exploit the resources of an independent state, except perhaps that of Poland. A far different use of diplomatic methods was evident in the opening of the Suez canal-the status of which was not fixed at the outset by any provision of the existing international law, but for which European diplomatists provided a new law to meet the case in hand. How far the international policy of the United States conformed to the principles of international law, in the opening of the Panama canal, is perhaps still a mooted question, but it is discussed by the author, who inclines to the affirmative. In these discussions there is explained the important · part taken by the United States in the development of the modern law of neutrality, and the application of that law in respect to the sale of munitions of war during the recent world conflict. The need of diplomatic methods in the adjustment of the relations be tween a sovereign state and its dependent people, is seen in the progressive reforms of the British colonial system. It may seem desirable that a volume devoted to diplomatic methods should attempt to throw some light at least upon the mooted question of peace, without adopting the sentimental view of the pacifist or the idealistic view of the speculative philosopher. It may be a question whether there may not be a scientific view based upon the facts of social evolution, in which the successive stages of pacification may be traced in the progressive development of human society, and which may suggest the future steps that may be necessary for the further enlargement of the areas of peace. In the treatment of these various subjects it has been the purpose to adhere as strictly as possible to the historical point of view-dealing with facts rather than with speculations. All the discussions are based upon authentic sources, with occasional reference to standard works, and with no attempt at detailed bibliography, with the simple purpose of making the subject-matter as accurate and lucid as possible. University of Rochester, CONTENTS OUR FIRST DIPLOMATIC CONTROVERSY: A PRELUDE TO THE 1. The Non-Execution of the Treaty of 1783 2. British Refusal to Enter Commercial Relations 3. Commercial Restrictions and Neutral Rights CHAPTER II PAGE ΙΟ 1. Canadian Revolt and Destruction of the "Caroline" 26 2. Jurisdiction Assumed by the State of New York 3. The Plea of Non-Liability by the United States 4. The Threat of War by the British Government 5. Diplomatic Dilemma of the Secretary of State 6. The Federal Appeal to the State for Relief 1. The Diplomatic Question in the American Congress 47 2. Recognition of a New Form of Government 3. Recognition of a Belligerent Community 74 DIPLOMACY OF EUROPEAN POWERS IN THE FAR EAST: THE THREATENED PARTITION OF CHINA 1. Interests of European Powers in the Orient 2. Early Attitude of Russia and France in China 3. Commercial and Military Concessions to Russia 4. Russian Exploitation at the Expense of England 5. Intrusion of Germany as a Competing Power 6. Russian Plot for the Possession of Port Arthur 7. England's Share in the Diplomatic Quarrel 8. Result of Four Years of Foreign Intervention . IIO 1. The Suez Canal as a Financial Enterprise 2. England's Early Opposition to the Project 3. Its International Significance and British Interests 119 4. Academic Discussions as to its International Status 123 5. Diplomatic Efforts toward a World Policy 3. The Opinions of Publicists on International Law 4. Precedents of International Treaties and Conventions 144 PAGE 1. The Previous European Policy regarding Colonies 2. New Policy Adopted in the Dominion of Canada 3. Development of the Commonwealth of Australia 197 4. The Dutch and English Occupation of South Africa 201 5. The "Great Trek" and the New Boer Republics 6. The Boer War and the Changed Policy of England 207 I. Peace of Westphalia and the "Balance of Power" 2. The Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe. 228 4. The European Concert and the Greek Revolution 5. The Resistance to the Encroachments of Russia. 239 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PEACE: VARIOUS METHODS OF 1. Ethical Appeals to the Pacific Sentiments 2. Ideal Projects for an International State 5. The Growth of Peace within the National Domain 269 6. Initial Steps toward International Peace |