and saw the stately form of the Shannon rounding a point, and presenting a deck crowded with fighting men and broadsides filled with guns. They threw their hats in the air, and waved their arms, and one of them, of an eloquent turn of mind, evidently made an address to the good old ship which would have made her figurehead blush with modesty if she had only been within hearing; but the boom of her great sixty-eight pounders saluting the flag on Fort-William, and shattering the window-panes with the loudness of their thunders, filled the City of Palaces with delight; and all men felt that India was saved. The gallant Sir William Peel, worthy son of the great minister, was in command of the noble vessel. In a week he had organized the Naval Brigade, and was on his way to the seat of war. Sir Colin Campbell arrived on the scene of his future glories as commander-in-chief, and by a series of exploits unequalled in romance, and skilful combinations beyond the comprehension of the enemy, the dignity of the British name was restored. Punishment was meted out to the guilty, and as a conclusive sign that the long struggle was over between the real wielder of power and the nominal possessor of the authority of the Moguls, the King of Delhi was tried for mutiny and treason, and sentenced by an English court. Thus died out in infamy and weakness the greatest dynasty of Hindostan.

§ 24. Little more than a hundred years before, the British flag waved over a few factories on the coasts of Coromandel and Malabar. A trading firm, under the name of the East India Company, had obtained some privileges, and the promise of protection from the native chiefs. Rising in ambition as they increased in wealth, they interfered with the domestic policies of the royal houses, and gave the first sign of the military genius which was to spread its influence from sea to sea at Clive's great battle of Plassy in 1757. Other great men arose, and after succeeding in destroying the hostile influence of the French, and driving them from all their pos

A.D. 1757-1858.] RETROSPECT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. 813

sessions, the field was clear for the exercise of all the virtues for which the Anglo-Saxon race has ever been celebrated. The consciousness of power, and the ennobling principle of self-reliance, made young lieutenants and peaceable civilians rise into law-givers and rulers of men. The Company grew, in spite of the common prejudices against mercantile pursuits as narrowing the heart and blunting the feelings of honour. There appeared men in the service of that Company who displayed Roman powers of government, and wider range of political views than any of the statesmen of Europe. From Clive to Wellington there arose a series of great commanders, and from Hastings to Canning a series of distinguished governors, such as the world had never seen. If unsuccess attended some of their later measures, the result should not be allowed to interfere with the grandeur of the conception or the method of execution. We had reverses against which no human wisdom could provide; a mutiny at Vellore in 1806, and the defeat and capture of an army, were atoned for by the triumphs that immediately ensued.

In 1839 Lord Auckland directed an expedition to Afghanistan, for a purpose which appeared to justify the expense and risk. It succeeded in the object it aimed at, and the northern gate of India seemed barred against Russian attack by the possession of Cabul. In the December of 1842 the disaster came. There was an old and valetudinarian general, an indiscreet envoy, and a discontented people. A rising took place, and retreat was resolved upon too late. The passes from that mountainous region into Hindostan were beset with enemies; the season was intolerably severe. French sufferings in the flight from Moscow were repeated on a smaller scale, but with more complete destruction. Twenty thousand men, women, and children, followers of the camp, perished along with nearly five thousand English soldiers, and every hearth in England was saddened by the news. Party feeling also ran high. Lord Auckland, a Whig, was

The

withdrawn; and Lord Ellenborough, a Tory, was installed in Calcutta. With a love of display and fondness for admiration which exposed him to ridicule, the new Governor-General had qualities of the highest kind. He burned to recover our old renown, and warmed every one in India with the same desire. Nobly served by the heroic Nott and Pollock, the honour of our flag was retrieved by a succession of victories, and our standard was planted once more in the capital of the Afghans; but with that retribution our efforts ceased. We evacuated the country, and contented ourselves with the level lands on the east of the Kyber Pass. Sir Charles Napier, after victories at Meeanè and Hyderabad, which recalled the marvels of Plassy and Assaye, attached the territory of Scinde to our dominion; and till the outbreak of the mutiny already described, in 1857, there seemed neither enemy nor rival from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin.

§ 25. Authority so great, a region so extensive, and military forces on such an imperial scale, seemed no longer fitted for the nominal rule of the Indian Company. It was resolved to unite the name of power to the reality, which had in effect resided for a long time in the government at home. The traditions of the humble days of widening trade and increasing dividends remained with the board in Leadenhall-street, after the decision of higher matters was taken out of their hands. The forms of authority still remained; and their seal was still attached to the commissions of the army, and the appointment of civil servants who were to rule over districts as large as kingdoms.

"The old order changeth, giving place to new,
For God fulfils himself in many ways;"

and after a debate in Parliament, the great deed was consummated in the transference of all the remaining power of the Company to the imperial crown. The successors of the early "Adventurers trading to the East," disappeared from history at the same time with the successor of Akbar and

A.D. 1857-1858.] LANDMARKS OF CHRONOLOGY.

815

Aurungzebe; and encouraging peaceful enterprise like the first, and governing a wider realm than owned the sway of those Eastern kings, Victoria assumed the sceptre over two hundred millions of additional subjects, and on the 2nd of August, 1858, became Empress of Hindostan.

A.D.

LANDMARKS OF CHRONOLOGY.

The different administrations of this reign are given at the head of the present chapter (p. 788).

1837. Accession of Queen Victoria.
Crowned in Westminster
Abbey, June 28, 1838.

1838. Entire abolition of slavery in
the British colonies.
Insurrection in Canada.
1839. Aden, in Arabia, taken by a
British force.

1840. Queen Victoria marries Prince
Albert of Saxe-Coburg Gotha.
War between Great Britain
and China.

1841. Union of Upper and Lower
Canada.

1842. Advantageous treaty of peace
with China, after the British
had captured several of the
Chinese ports.

1843. Opening of the Thames Tunnel.
Disruption of the Church of
Scotland.

The Ameers of Scinde totally

A.D.

1849. Repeal of the Navigation Laws.
1850. Death of Sir Robert Peel.
1851. Royal Exhibition of National

Industry opened in Hyde Park. 1851. Coup d'Etat of Louis Napoleon, when he dissolves the House of Assembly, and forms a new constitution.

1852. Louis Napoleon declared Emperor of the French.

Death of the Duke of Wellington.

1853-55. England and France enter into an alliance in defence of Turkey, and declare war against Russia. Invasion of the Crimea; battle of Alma; siege and capture of Sebastopol; battles of Balaclava and Inkerman; capture and destruction of Bomarsund in the Baltic.

routed by the British under 1854. The Crystal Palace at Syden-
General Sir Charles Napier.

1846. The Sikh army destroyed by
the British under Sir Hugh
Gough.

Famine in Ireland.
Repeal of the Corn-laws.

1848. French revolution, and expul-
sion of Louis-Philippe. Louis
Napoleon Bonaparte elected
President of France.

Chartist agitations.

1849. Insurrection of the Sikhs, and
their entire subjugation to
British rule.

ham opened by her Majesty. 1855. Visit of the Emperor and Empress of the French to her Majesty Queen Victoria. 1856. Peace concluded with Russia by the treaty of Paris. 1857-58. Mutiny of the native troops in the Presidency of Bengal, which, after several sanguinary contests, is eventually subdued. The East India Company abolished, and the whole of the Indian territories subjected to British rule.

INDEX.

The details or leading events of each sovereign's reign, being given in the analysis
which precedes each chapter, are not recapitulated in the Index.