APPENDIX 2.

REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

SIR: I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1912, conducted in accordance with the act of Congress approved March 4, 1911, making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government, which act contains the following item:

American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, including the excavation and preservation of archæologic remains, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, including salaries or compensation of all necessary employees and the purchase of necessary books and periodicals, including payment in advance for subscriptions, forty-two thousand dollars.

SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES.

The systematic researches of the bureau were conducted by the regular staff, consisting of eight ethnologists, and with the aid of specialists not directly connected with the bureau, but the results of whose studies were procured for publication. These operations may be summarized as follows:

Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge, was occupied with administrative affairs during the greater part of the year, but from time to time, as opportunity afforded, he was engaged in the preparation of an annotated Bibliography of the Pueblo Indians, with the result that almost 1,100 cards bearing titles, descriptions of contents, etc., of writings pertaining to the Pueblos were completed. Knowledge of the Pueblo Indians commenced with the year 1539, and these people have been the subject of so much attention by early Spanish explorers and missionaries, as well as by ethnologists and others, in recent years, that the literature has become voluminous and widely scattered. The need of a guide to this array of material has been greatly felt by students, and for this reason Mr. Hodge has prepared notes on the subject for a number of years with the view of their final elaboration in the form of a bibliography.

Late in August Mr. Hodge proceeded to New Mexico, and after a brief visit to the archeological sites in the Rito de Los Frijoles, northwest of Santa Fé, where excavations were conducted in conjunction with the School of American Archæology in 1911, continued

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to El Morro, or Inscription Rock, about 35 miles east of Zuñi, for the purpose of making facsimile reproductions, or squeezes, of the Spanish inscriptions there, which have such an important bearing on the early history of the Pueblo tribes. El Morro is a picturesque eminence of sandstone rising from the sandy valley, and by reason of the former existence of a spring at its base, which is now merely a seep, it became an important camping place of the early Spaniards on their journeys to and from the Rio Grande and the Zuñi and Hopi pueblos. The inscriptions of these early explorers were carved near the base of the rock, chiefly on the northern and southern sides of the highest portion of the mesa, and in the main consist of the names of the visitors with the dates of their visits, but in a number of cases elaborated with a more or less full statement of the object of the journey.

The earliest of the inscriptions is that of Juan de Oñate, the colonizer of New Mexico and founder of the city of Santa Fé, who inscribed his name and the object of his visit in 1606, on his return from a perilous journey to the Gulf of California. Others who visited the rock and left a record are, in order of date: Gov. Francisco Manuel de Silva Nieto, who escorted the first missionaries to Zuñi in 1629; Juan Gonzales, probably a member of the small military escort accompanying the same party, and bearing the same date (1629); Lujan, who visited Zuñi in 1632 to avenge the murder of Fray Francisco Letrado, one of the missionaries who accompanied Silva Nieto; Juan de Archuleta, Diego Martin Barba, and Agustin de Ynojos, 1636; Gov. Diego de Vargas, 1692, the conquerer of the Pueblos after their rebellion in 1680 which led to their independence of Spanish authority during the succeeding 12 years; Juan de Uribarri, 1701; Ramon Paez Hurtado, 1709; Ju. Garcia de la Rivas, Feliz Martinez, and Fray Antonio Camargo, 1716; Joseph de Payba Basconzelos, 1726; Juan Paez Hurtado and Joseph Truxillo, 1736; Martin de Elizacochea (bishop of Durango) and Juan Ignacio de Arrasain, 1737; and others of the eighteenth century. These inscriptions were all carefully photographed by Mr. Jesse L. Nusbaum, with whose aid Mr. Hodge made paper squeezes which were brought to Washington and transferred to the National Museum, where Mr. Nusbaum later made plaster casts of the paper negatives, insuring the permanent preservation of the inscriptions in this manner. This work was accomplished none too soon, since deterioration by weathering is progressing in some parts of the cliff face bearing the inscriptions, while vandalism is perhaps playing an even more serious part in the destruction of these important historical records, notwithstanding the fact that El Morro has been created a national monument by Executive order.

Early in September Mr. Hodge joined Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, director of the School of American Archæology, and his assistants, in the Jemez Valley, about 65 miles northwest of Albuquerque, for the purpose of conducting excavations, under the joint auspices of the bureau and the school, in an extensive ruined pueblo on a mesa 1,800 feet in height, skirting the valley on the west. This village was occupied within the historical period by the Jemez people, by whom it is known as Kwasteyukwa. The ruins cover an area approximately 850 by 600 feet, and even on partial excavation exhibited distinct evidence of occupancy at two different periods. The original pueblo was considerably larger than the one later inhabited, although the latter was built on the ruins of the older and of the same materials. The walls were of tufa blocks, rudely shaped and set in adobe mortar; the rooms were small, the masonry crude, and practically none of the walls remain standing above ground. A large artificial reservoir in a northwestern angle of the ruin furnished the water supply, and various smaller depressions probably mark the sites of kivas. The later inhabitants-those within the historical period, or about the first half of the seventeenth century-buried their dead in and beneath the débris of the older part of the pueblo. The mortuary accompaniments were of the usual character, speaking in general terms-pottery, traces of textiles, stone and bone implements and other objects, and a few ornaments. The finding of glass beads with the remains of a child, and an iron nail in another grave, bear testimony of the comparatively recent occupancy of the village by the Jemez Indians. It was the custom of the inhabitants to throw large stones into the graves, resulting in the breaking of almost all the pottery deposited with the dead. The fragments were carefully preserved, however, and will be repaired by the National Museum. A noteworthy specimen of pottery bears in its decoration a feather design almost identical with feather symbols found on ancient pottery of the Hopi, and therefore tending to verify traditions of the latter people that some of their ancestral clans came from the Jemez.

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, was engaged in field work from July to October, having especially in view the determination of the western limits of the ancient Pueblo culture in Arizona. Outfitting at Jerome, in that State, he proceeded to certain large ruins on the upper Verde, on Oak Creek, and in Sycamore Canyon, where some time was spent at each locality in photographing and in making plans of these and adjacent remains, as well as in a study of the formerly occupied caves near the mouth of Oak Creek. Crossing the rough country separating the upper course of Oak Creek and the great sandstone cliffs known as the Red Rocks, Dr. Fewkes revisited and further studied the large cliff dwellings, known as Honanki and

Palatki, excavated by him in 1895. Several hitherto undescribed ruins were added to the list of ancient remains in this general vicinity. From the Red Rocks Dr. Fewkes returned to the Verde and followed that stream upward to the Jordan ranch, where cliff houses of an instructive character were photographed and studied. He also investigated on the hills back of Cornville certain large stone structures of the type known to Spanish-speaking people as trincheras, rude but massive fortifications that here begin to assume importance. A number of ruins hitherto unrecorded belonging to the cave- or cliffdwelling type were observed in the walls of Sycamore Canyon, or Dragoon Fork, and the outlines of stone houses were seen above the river terrace near the junction of Sycamore Creek and Verde River. A large aboriginal fort, with walls well preserved, was found on a height overlooking the Verde, above the mouth of Granite Creek, and others more nearly destroyed were seen at the Baker ranch and in Hell Canyon, not far from Del Rio Station. Near the Baker ranch, a mile or two down the Verde, are the remains of a cliff dwelling, directly in the line of a projected railroad, which will probably be destroyed when the road is constructed. Dr. Fewkes also visited the ruins of several fragile-walled habitations, consisting of low mounds, near Jerome Junction and Del Rio. Although many evidences of such ancient dwellings are here seen, most of the foundation walls have been carried away by settlers and used in their own house building.

A large fort, with well-preserved walls, occupies a low limestone ridge east of Williamson Valley, above the trail from Del Rio westward, and commanding a view of the valley west of Jerome. This fort is typical of the trincheras that appear more and more frequently as one proceeds westward from the upper Verde. Several inconspicuous ruins, hitherto undescribed, were found in Williamson Valley, those situated on the hills belonging to the fortification type, while those in the valleys consist merely of low mounds of stone and other débris.

Proceeding westward from Chino Valley, many interesting ruins were observed along the valley of Walnut Creek, referred to in Lieut. A. W. Whipple's report of 1853 as Pueblo Valley, once noted as the site of old Camp Hualapai. This vale, from Aztec Pass to the point where the creek is lost in the sands of Williamson Valley, was extensively tilled in prehistoric times, as is attested by the well-marked remains of ancient irrigation ditches. Characteristic petroglyphs were also found in Walnut Valley.

As elsewhere in this region, two types of ruins were observed in Walnut Valley, namely, (1) extensive stone fortifications with massive walls crowning the hilltops on both sides of the valley and commanding a wide view, and (2), on the low terraces bordering the stream, clusters of small mounds constituting the remains of farm

houses, upright posts supporting walls of wattling plastered with mud like the jacales of the Mexicans and evidently identical in their general character with the dwellings of certain Yuman tribes. Among the best preserved of the forts, called "pueblos " by Whipple, are those near Aztec Pass and at Drew's ranch, Shook's ranch, and Peter Marx's ranch, while others are found farther down Walnut Creek. No trace of terraced pueblo dwellings were seen in this region.

In order to shed further light on the relations of the two types of ruins described, Dr. Fewkes made an examination of the ancient remains along the Agua Fria and near Prescott. At both places the ruins were found to be of the same dual character. In a few instances, as at Frog Tanks, near the mouth of the Agua Fria, the ruins suggest the great houses or compounds of the Salt and Gila Valleys, but here also trincheras and fragile-walled houses are the

more common.

The observations made by Dr. Fewkes during this field season indicate that the ruins in the region referred to are the remains of buildings so different in architecture from that of true pueblos that it is probable the culture of their occupants was also different. Dr. Fewkes reached the conclusion that the ruins of the forts and small dwellings referred to were constructed and used by a Yuman people whose descendants, more or less mixed with Apache and other nonrelated tribes, are represented to-day by the Hualapai, Yavapai, and Havasupai Indians. Although the jacal domiciles of western Arizona were probably structurally similar to certain ancient houses in the Pueblo region of New Mexico, the river-terrace houses of Walnut Valley were more like certain habitations of the lower Gila River than they were the pueblos of the Rio Grande.

On returning to Washington Dr. Fewkes prepared a report on his observations in this interesting archeological field, which, with suitable illustrations, is now in press as one of the accompanying papers of the twenty-eighth annual report.

Dr. Fewkes also gave considerable time to reading the proofs and arranging the illustrations of his memoir on Casa Grande, which likewise is to appear in the twenty-eighth annual report.

On the completion of the above work Dr. Fewkes commenced the preparation of another paper, relating to "Designs on Prehistoric Hopi Pottery," a subject to which he devoted much attention in connection with his studies of the Hopi Indians for 20 years. This memoir, which was well advanced toward completion at the close of the fiscal year, accompanied by numerous plates and text figures, is designed as a key to the interpretation of the decoration of ancient Hopi earthenware. The great multiplicity of life designs appearing on the pottery of ancient Sikyatki are treated in the paper, in which