xii LIST AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIGURE.

XXIV. Section of the head showing E (as in he)...........
XXV. Section of the head showing O' (as in cool) .
XXVI. Section of the head showing T, D.
XXVII. Section of the head showing Th (in thin and

thine).....

XXVIII. Section of the head showing Z (in azure, sh in

push).

XXIX. Section of the head showing N..

XXX. Section of the head showing K, G'.

XXXI. Section of the head showing K, G". XXXII. Position of the larynx in chest-tones XXXIII. Position of the larynx in falsetto tones..

Respiratory gymnastics.......

PAGE.

107

108

117

118

120

123

124

125

183

183

143-149

Figures I-XII are taken from my book, "Esthetic Physical Culture." Figures XVII-XXI are taken from Dr. Louis Elsberg's The Throat and its Functions (by permission of the author). Figures XXIII-XXXI are taken from Dr. Ernst Brücke's Grundzüge der Physiologie und Systematik der Sprachlaute; Vienna: Gerold's Sohn, 1855; 2d edition, 1876. Figures XXXII-XXXIII are taken from Dr. Stoerk's Sprache und Gesang; Vienna, 1881.

CONTENTS.

Preface to the Second American Edition...

Preface to the First American Edition...

From the Preface to the Fourth German Edition..

PAGE.

V

vii

viii

Section 2.-Directions for practice....

Section 3.-Exercises for the muscles of respiration and of the

neck

I.

Head and Neck Exercises....

1. Turning head to right and left..

2. Bowing of the head forward, backward,

or to right and left....

3. The head circle..

17

Section 3.-(Continued.

PAGE.

26

II.

Trunk Exercises.

1. Shoulders up and down................

2. Shoulders backward and forward..

3. Shoulder circle.....

4. Turning of the trunk (torso)....

5. Inclination of the torso forward, back-

ward, and to right and left......

6. The torso circle....

7. Elevating the torso....

III.

Arm Exercises....

(a) With Outstretched Arms.

1. Lifting and moving arms forward, down-

30

CHAPTER IV.

ORGANS OF RESPIRATION.

PAGE.

Section 1.-The chest (thorax)

Section 2.-The oral cavity....

Section 3.—The nasal cavity (nasal fossæ).........

Section 4.-The pharynx....

Section 5.-The larynx (voice box)..

Section 6.-The trachea (windpipe).

Section 7.-The air-receivers (lungs) ..

PART SECOND.

THE ACTIVITY OF THE VOCAL ORGANS.

CHAPTER I.

PRODUCTION OF THE VOICE.

Section 1.-General remarks....

1. The direct attack

2. The indirect attack..

3. The spiritus lenis and the spiritus asper .

4. Whispering .

5. The force of the voice...

6. The influence of the air-pressure....

7. The timbre.....

Exercise for the rising and sinking of the

larynx.

8. The compass -

9. The mutation of voice....

10. Registers of the voice.

Section 2.-The chest-register

Section 3.-The falsetto register..

8 3 8 2 5 7

77

Section 2.-Position of the body...

Section 3.-Position of the lips and organs in the oral cavity... 78

Section 4.-Importance of a movable tongue..

Section 5.-Correct use of the tongue...

81

82

Section 6.-How to prevent unnatural straining of the muscles.

90

Section 7.-Tones produced by incorrect use of the organs.... 90

Section 8.-How to prevent nasal tone.

Section 9.-Depression of the larynx..............

8 8 ༞*

Section 10.-The conditions necessary for a beautiful tone..... 94

CHAPTER III.

PRESERVATION AND STRENGTHENING OF THE VOCAL OR-

GANS

96