as before, but with a dot at the end instead of an annulet, and a line dividing it from the outer. E.: PAYABLE AT THE TEMPLE OF THE MUSES. 8. As last, but E.: LONDON OR BRISTOL.

PAYABLE IN LANCASTER

9. As last, but E.: HALFPENNY PAYABLE AT

THE BLACK HORSE TOWER HILL.

10. O. Similar to last, but the 1 of date is some little distance to the right of the button.

R. and E.: the same as last.

11. O. and E.: the same as last.

R. Similar to last, but positions of the outer and inner legends vary, which may be detected by noticing that in this piece the period after " is over the N of "IN," whilst "LACKINGTON THE." There are before it was over the T of " other differences.

12. O. Profile bust to right. J. LACKINGTON. A small cross below bust.

R.

E.

The same as last.

PAYABLE AT LONDON OR DUBLIN.

:

13. O. Similar to last, but with FINSBURY SQUARE 1795 in place of cross under the bust. R. The same as last.

E.

PAYABLE AT THE TEMPLE OF THE MUSES.

14. As last, but E. milled.

15. O. The same as last.

R. A smaller figure of Fame.

dividing line.

E. Milled to right.

16. As last, but E. milled to left.

17. As last, but E. plain.

18. O. The obverse of No. 1.

R. Figure of Vulcan at work. 1793.

Without the

HALFPENNY.

E.: AN ASYLUM FOR THE OPPRESS'D OF ALL

NATIONS.

19. O. The reverse of No. 1 appears as an obverse.

R. Arms of Liverpool between reeds. NOBIS HÆC OTIA FECIT 1794.

DEUS

A. L. HUMPHREYS.

6

187, Piccadilly, W. Lackington issued two small copper tokens. That of 1795 is shown in Mr. Mumby's Romance of Bookselling,' p. 309, and the 1794 issue in Mr. W. Roberts's The BookHunter in London,' p. 182. This last-named token is superior in design and finish, the head of Lackington bearing some resemThe blance to his engraved portraits. Payable at legend round the edge reads " the Temple of the Muses."

ALECK ABRAHAMS.

MATTHEW PRIOR OF LONG ISLAND: MAJOR DANIEL GOTHERSON (11 S. iv. 447).— Matthew Prior was a bailiff for two estates in England for Major Daniel Gotherson. The Daniel Gotherson who came to America with Prior and Capt. John Scott in 1663 was not Major Gotherson, but his son of Major Gotherson died in the same name. "of the parish September, 1666, in London, and in that month described himself as of Godmersham in the County of Kent." Prior's letter to Lovelace, written in 1668, was given in Gideon D. Scull's Dorothea Scott, otherwise Gotherson and Hogben,' privately printed at Oxford in 1883, in which book MR. HILLMAN will find much about

ALBERT MATTHEWS.

66

STRAW UNDEr Bridges (11 S. iv. 508).I have always believed that the bundle of suspended straw was to give to navigation a plain warning to take no risks and use some other arch. To the inquiry, "Why straw ? one is tempted to reply, Why not?" I think I have seen a log of wood suspended, but what is wanted is something which will make a big show and which any handy bit of rope may be trusted to support. And what better than straw? D. O.

[MR. J. P. STILWELL also thanked for reply.]

"LATTER LAMMAS (11 S. iv. 469).— If we suppose and we have good authority for it-that "Lammas" means the last math, or mowing, after which the cattle of the commoners were turned to pasture on the Lammas lands of the manor or township, we shall have no difficulty in understanding how the phrase "latter Lammas can be used in both the senses to which A. A. M. refers. This derivation seems to me, who do not pretend to any special knowledge of the subject, more probable than the more usual one from 'loaf Mass." If it were proved that in early English days it was a custom to offer a loaf in church at the beginning of the corn harvest, the scale would incline the other way. But is there such?

F. NEWMAN.

The ‘N.E.D.,' v. Lammas, 3, gives: “Latter Lammas (day), a day that will never come. At latter Lammas; humorously for Never.' Equivalent to "Greek Kalends (Suetonius, Aug.,' 87). TOM JONES.

PENGE AS A PLACE-NAME (11 S. iv. 330, 437, 497). The twelfth-century lawsuit mentioned by MR. ANSCOMBE is recorded at greater length than in the Placitorum Abbreviatio,' in one of the Selden Society's publications, if I remember rightly, the spelling being a slight variant on "Penge.' I have been waiting for some weeks in the hope of finding time to look up the exact reference, but there is little prospect of my

being able to do it, so I send in this imperfect reply. It is interesting to observe that the real question at issue seems to have been whether Penge was a part of Battersea or not a question still unsettled 700 years later, for one of the Metropolis Management Acts of the latter half of the nineteenth century solemnly enacts that " nothing in this Act shall be deemed to determine whether the hamlet of Penge is or is not a part of the parish of Battersea." I quote from memory. A. MORLEY DAVIES.

Winchmore Hill, Amersham.

"WIGESTA (11 S. iv. 304).-MR. ANSCOMBE will perhaps be disappointed on learning that his arguments do not altogether convince. It may be pointed out that the southern part of Bedfordshire, from the Ouse to the boundary, contained almost exactly 900 hides; in this part of the county is Wixamtree hundred, the Wichestanston (? Wichestanstron) of Domesday Book. The Wixna districts (600 and 300 hides), with a similar name, also require fitting in, and may be this South Bedfordshire area. The "Latin" form of the Tribal Hidage' assigns only 800 hides to Wigesta, so that possibly the Eight Hundreds once appurtenant to Oundle may represent them. It is noteworthy that a system of giving testimony by eight hundreds existed in Cambridgeshire, as the Liber Eliensis shows.

J. BROWNBILL.

6

"Tiretta Bazar Street....It is now the property of the Maharajah of Burdwan, but the name it bears is that of a Venetian named Edward Tiretta. Mr. Long has put the date of its establishment in 1788, but it is described in Wood's map in 1784 as Tiretta's Bazar,' and it is probably much older. In a prospectus of a lottery issued in 1788 and advertised in The Calcutta Gazette of that year, the First Prize is represented to be that large and spacious Pucka Bazar or market belonging to Mr. Tiretta, situated in the north central part of the town of Calcutta.'...The lucky winner of the first prize was Charles Weston....Other properties are also set out in the advertisement, and are valued in the prospectus at Rs. 3.20,000: from which it would appear that Mr. Tiretta had divers avenues of emolument open to him besides his official appointment of Superintendent of Streets and Houses' under the Municipal Committee. He appears to have continued to reside in Calcutta after the drawing of the lottery in 1791, but seems not to have died there."

On p. 566 of the same book it is mentioned that Tiretta's wife was daughter of the Count de Carrion."

A. FRANCIS STEUART. 79, Great King Street, Edinburgh.

Notes on Books, &c.

The Chilterns and the Vale. By G. Eland. (Longmans & Co.)

66

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE has an exceptional amount of history to boast of, and remains as yet largely unspoilt, though the railway has brought it nearer London than it was. Mr. Eland has attempted to collect some notes which will give an idea of the wealth of interest outside the towns, and he has succeeded, we think, in his aims, though he will hardly escape the accusation of being scrappy which his Introduction foreshadows. He gives references at the foot of his pages, and addresses himself, he says, to "the more tolerant general reader." We find nothing to raise the ire of the expert except the mention of some foolish etymologies which ought to have been left in obscurity. What is the use of working at philology, as many patient scholars do, if popular writers go on repeating rejected theories and absurdities? On rural industries and pleasures, the beech-woods, and many a piece of legend and tradition we read our author with real pleasure.

The six illustrations in colour by E. Sanders give attractive and typical views of the county. They include a church and a manor-house, a local trade, 'The Bodger's Workshop,' and those fine stretches of country which are so pleasing to the eye accustomed to the comparative flatness of the Thames valley near London.

WE have received from Sweden an elaborate monograph, written as an inaugural dissertation, and in English, on the formation of verbs from English nouns. The author has consulted our chief standard works on philology, attaching himself particularly to the N.E.D.'; and he quotes from our writers, ancient and modern, illustrious and otherwise, with a copiousness that argues both sympathy and familiarity. We think that it is something of a mistake to give as much space and attention as he does to the words coined, on the spur of the moment, by newspaper He himself remarks that English" writers. proaches the simplicity which we are wont to attribute to Chinese," and certainly the principle of our formation of " nonce "- words is so extremely simple that it needs no more than the briefest illustration, with a hint to the reader to be on the look-out for instances. In N. & Q.' M. Bladin has found some twenty-five examples of this and other vagaries.

ap

The work is divided into two parts, (a) General and (b) Special, of which the former is by a good deal the more interesting; and of its sections,. perhaps IV., Influence of Analogy on Denomi Denominatives,' will afford the curious reader the native Formation,' and X., Backformed " best entertainment. The work is likely to be especially useful for comparative study-to be read, that is, alongside of similar books upon the derivation of verbs from nouns in other languages.

Whitaker's Almanack, 1912. (Whitaker & Sons.) Whitaker's Peerage, 1912. (Same publishers.) MANY happy New Years to both these useful publications! We cannot imagine the loss we should feel if they were not on our writing-table. For forty-four years we have now enjoyed our Whitaker's Almanack,' although it seems nothing like that time since its founder showed us one of the first copies of its first issue. Well we remember how rightly proud he was of it, and how his always bright, open face beamed with pleasure as he challenged criticism, and every search for errors-difficult then, as now, to find, for the editorship of the son is as accurate as that of the father.

The first 'Almanack' was published on the 10th of December, 1868, and contained 362 pages, with an index of 2,000 references. The present volume contains 856 pages, and an index of 7,000. references.

The

'Whitaker's Peerage' is prepared with the same care as the Almanack.' and we congratulate the editor that, while the shower of Coronation honours has increased its pages by twenty-five, he has not had to make room for five hundred new creations, as at one time seemed likely. editor gratefully thanks the recipients of new honours for the information they readily furnished, but some new knights seem as bashful as ladies about giving information of the date of their birth. A full account of the Coronation is supplied from official sources, and we are glad to see that space has been saved "by eliminating altogether from the alphabetical list the title Esq.,' always invidious when strict accuracy is sought in the face of but scanty information."

THE New Year's number of The Cornhill begins with some new verses by Thackeray, a festive laudation of wine suitable to the season, which was written in 1831. Sir Algernon West has a pleasant article in praise of Lord James of Hereford,' who possessed the spirits of a boy and an overflowing vitality and generosity. Mrs. Arthur Bell has translated from the French of M. Bourget A Christmas Eve under the Terror,' a poignant story of birth in the midst of the terrors of death. Sir H. W. Lucy supplies "more passages by the way' " for his Sixty Years in the Wilderness,' concerning Fleet Street in the seventies, a theme also dealt with by Mr. Escott in The Fortnightly this month. Sir Henry convicts Disraeli in 'Sybil' of gross plagiarism from The Sporting Magazine in a description of the Derby, and says that Viscountess Beaconsfield was very unpopular at High Wycombe on account of her stinginess. 'Laura and Trudi' is a pretty story by Mrs. Alfred Sidgwick, while In a Truant School,' by Miss Dorothy Horace-Smith, is both entertaining and instructive. With the answers to questions on the Falstaff Cycle the literary competitions are ended for the present.

He

IN The Fortnightly Mr. Sidney Low opens with an article on The Foreign Office Autocracy,' and suggests a Foreign Affairs committee. points out that the Declaration of Delhi has been made for good or evil without the consent of Parliament. There are two good articles on the Insurance Act by "Auditor Tantum and Mr. T. A. Ingram; and Mr. Sydney Brooks has one of his well-considered papers on England, Germany, and Common Sense.' Mr. Henry Baerlein has a striking little sketch of a Mexican ploughman In a Field,' and "Variag" continues to be interesting in his views of Russian intrigue in A Leader.'

Our keenest attention is, however, attracted by Literature and Journalism,' by Mr. T. H. S. Escott, and England's Taste in Literature,' by Mr. Raymond Blathwayt. Mr. Escott writes brightly, as usual, dealing with Dickens as a maker of journalists and essayists, and a master who laid stress on study in the British Museum. Sala (now largely forgotten), W. J. Prowse, Grenville Murray, and Edmund Yates are hit off for us in a few lines; and the importance of Thornton Hunt as an editor demanding education is emphasized. Mr. Escott is concerned to point out that "the literary type of journalist, which was the natural product of the forces and interests then [in Sala's day] operating with newspaper readers and writers, developed in all concerned a temper and taste that have now disappeared. To judge from present signs, they are not in the least likely to return." We cannot allow ourselves to be so pessimistic, but the outlook is certainly not promising.

Mr. Blathwayt has got data for his inquiry from lending libraries, great bookshops, and more than one distinguished author and publisher. He deals largely with the attitude of Society, which is obviously at present taken with various embodiments of mysticism and philosophy. But when he credits Society with freedom from meaningless little conventions," he might add that it is tied and hampered by meaningless little catchwords. Fashion in literature is not permanent, though not negligible. Are Society folk entitled to be called "the Athenians of

66

modern England"? A scholar will hardly think they deserve the compliment. Women read sociology more than men, according to this observer. "Meredith is read almost exclusively by the University man. Scott and Dickens are read by children and the very old." Verdicts such as these make us doubt, not the soundness of Mr. Blathwayt's conclusions on the evidence, but the untrustworthy character of the evidence itself. Our own experience of readers, which goes back some years, directly contradicts the first assertion at least.

looked for in the near future, but surely the It is said that a revival in history may be the publishers encourage so much rewriting, by revival has come already. Otherwise, why do smart pens of all sorts, concerning kings, queens, literary characters-in fact, any one of note round whom a book can be built up?

Notices to Correspondents.

ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for pubúcation, but as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately, nor can we advise correspondents as to the value of old books and other objects or as to the means of disposing of them.

EDITORIAL Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of 'Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Pub

shers" at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery

Lane, E.C.

CORRESPONDENTS who send letters to be forwarded to other contributors should put on the top the page of N. & Q' to which their letters refer, left-hand corner of their envelopes the number of so that the contributor may be readily identified. Otherwise much time has to be spent in tracing the querist.

H. J. G. and W. C. K.-Forwarded.

A. W. MATTHEWS ("Churchyard Inscriptions") and J. W. SCOTT ("Bernard Gilpin's Will ").—Please send address for proof.

F. S. HOCKADAY ("Turcopolier").-Full information will be found at 11 S. ii. 247, 336, 371; iii. 12.