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names of reputation are to be found in the list of tutors, while the "bibliothecarii" have nobly illustrated their calling, from early Stoddard, Sewall, and Gookin, including Mather Byles and the Librarian of the Astor Library, Dr. Cogswell, to the present occupant, Dr. Harris, and the Assistant Librarian, Mr. Sibley, than whom the office never had a more accommodating or active incumbent.*

The early college usages, the mode of living, the respect to professors, interior rules and regulations, the ceremonial on state occasions, offer many curious subjects of inquiry. In 1693, the Corporation passed an ordinance against the use by the students in their rooms of "plum cake," which probably became contraband from its accessories. The Saturnalia of Commencement time were celebrated. In the "Collection of Poems by Several Hands," published in Boston in 1744, to which Byles contributed, there is a pleasant description in verse of the humors of Commencement at Cambridge, recounting the adventures of rural beaux and belles crossing the river, the fine show made by the ladies of the town at their windows, equalled only by the procession of students. The church is filled, while the youth, full of learning, declaim and debate, and having received their degree from "the awful chief, proceed to "the sav'ry honors of the feast." The fields about, in the meantime, are turned into a fair, full of wrestlers, mountebanks, and gingerbread.

In 1771 was published "Brief Remarks on the Satirical Drollery at Cambridge last Commencement Day, with special reference to the character of Stephen the Preacher, which raised such extravagant mirth," by A: Croswell, V. D. M. in Boston. The reverend divine seems to have been greatly disturbed at the hilarity on the occasion, created by some of the performances, "which made the house of God to outdo the playhouses for vain laughter and clapping." Croswell's pamphlet drew out a reply, in "A letter to the Rev. Andrew Croswell, by Simon the Tanner."

In the old Massachusetts Magazine for 1789, thore is a quaint paper addressed "To Students of Colleges and Universities," eulogistic of the beauty and opportunities of college halls and usages.

The Fair day at Cambridge was kept up till within quite a recent period. To this day the banks of Boston are closed on the holiday of Commencement, and the Governor goes out in state to the exercises, escorted by city troops.

The second contennial anniversary of the college foundation was celebrated in September 1836, with great eclat. A pavilion was erected on the college grounds, where the alumni assembled, answering to the roll-call of graduates. An old man of eighty-six, of the class of 1774, was the first to answer. The Address was delivered by President Quincy. Odes were recited, speeches were made by Everett, Story, and other magnates of the institution. Everett presided, and Robert O. Winthrop, a direct descendant of the first

His History of the Town of Union, in Maine, is a monogram of local history, written with fidelity and spirit: one of the best of a class of compositions of inostimablo interest to our American historical literature.

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governor of the colony, one of the earliest supporters of the college, was the marshal of the day. The college buildings were illuminated in the evening.

Gore Hall, the library building, completed in 1841, is named in honor of Christopher Gore, who had been Governor of the State, and United States Commissioner to England under the Jay treaty, who left the college a bequest amounting to nearly one hundred thousand dollars. The several libraries connected with the University contain about one hundred thousand volumes. Among the specialities, besides the Hollis, the Paliner, and other donations, are the Ebeling collection of American books, purchased and presented by Israel Thorndike in 1818, the American historical library of Warden, former Consul at Paris, purchased at a cost of more than five thousand dollars, and presented to the college by Samuel Atkins Eliot, in 1823, a collection further enriched by the application of the Prescott bequest in 1845.* The library has also its collection of portraits and statuary. Gore Hall is of granite, of the general design of King's College Chapel at Cambridge.

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The Picture Gallery, in the room extending through the entire lower story of Harvard Hall, contains more than forty portraits of benefactors of the institution, and of other eminent individuals. Nearly all are works of merit, being the productions of Copley, Stuart, Trumbull, Newton, Smibert, and Frothingham, with other more recent painters.

In the literary associations of Harvard, the Phi Beta Kappa Society should not be forgotten. It was introduced at Harvard from the original charter, at William and Mary College, in Virginia, about the year 1778. It was a secret society, with its grip for personal communication, fined to purely literary objects. For some time and its cypher for correspondence, though conthe literary exercises usual with college clubs been intermitted for the last twenty or thirty were kept up by the students, though they have years. Meetings of undergraduates are held only to elect members from the next class; and the entire action of the society at Cambridge is

Jowett's Bmithsonian Institution Library Report,

limited to an oration and poem, and the cntertainment of a dinner, in which it alternates with the Association of the Alumni, so that each has its exercises every second year. Edward Everett was for several years its President at Harvard. Its literary exercises have been distinguished by many brilliant productions. Joseph Bartlett pronounced his poem on "Physiognomy" in 1799; Everett's poem, on "American Poets," was delivered in 1812; Bryant's "Ages" in 1821; Sprague's "Curiosity" in 1829; Dr. Holnes's "Metrical Essay on Poetry" in 1836.

In the religious opinions of its conductors, and its plan of education, Harvard has faithfully represented the times, during the long period through which it has passed. A glance at its catalogue will show its early proficiency in the studies connected with sacred literature and natural philosophy. Though always producing good scholars, its polished Belles Lettres training has been comparatively of recent growth. When the first catalogue of the library was printed in 1723, it contained not a single production of Dryden, the literary magnate of its period; of the accomplished statesman and essayist, Sir William Temple, of Shaftesbury, Addison, Pope, or Swift."* It has, to the present day, largely supplied the cultiva tion of Massachusetts, and for a long time, from its commencement, the whole of New England, furnishing the distinguished men of the State and its professions. Its new professorships of the Classics, of Rhetoric, of the Modern Languages, of Law, of Science, mark the progress of the world in new ideas. Though for the most part ostensibly founded with conservative religious views, our colleges have not been generally very rigid guardians of opinion. Their course has rather been determined by influences from without. Established in old Puritan times, Harvard has suffered, of course, a disintegration of the staunch orthodoxy of its old Chauncys and Mathers. About the beginning of the century, it passed over virtually into its present Unitarianism, though the officers of instruction and government are of nearly all denominations.

This narrative might be pursued at great length, following out the details of bequests and legacies, the dates of college buildings, the foundation of scholarships and professorships through long series of incumbents more or less eminent. President Quincy, who is not a diffuse writer, has not extended the subject beyond the interest or sympathies of his intelligent reader, in his two large octavo volumes. For the minutiae of administration, and other points of value in the history of education and opinion in America, we may refer to his work-to the faithful but not so extensive chronicle of Benjamin Peirce, the librarian of the University, who closes his account with the presidency of Holyoke, to the sketch of the history of the College by Samuel A. Eliot, and to the judicious History of Cambridge by Abiel Holmes.

THE BAY PSALM BOOK.

THE first book of consequence printed in the country was what is called The Bay Pealm

• Peirce's History of Harvard Univ. 108.

Book. "About the year 1639," says Cotton Mather, in the Magnalia, "the new English Reformers resolving upon a new translation [of the Psalms], the chief divines in the country took each of thein a portion to be translated; among whom were Mr. Welde and Mr. Eliot of Roxbury, and Mr. Mather of Dorchester. The Psalms thus turn'd into Metre were printed at Cambridge, in the year 1640."

The Rev. Thomas Welde was the first minister of Roxbury, where he was the associate of Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians. He returned to England with Hugh Peters, and became the author of two tracts in vindication of the purity of the New England worship. Mr. Richard Mather was the father of Cotton, who goes on to add-" These, like the rest, were of so different a genius for their poetry, that Mr. Shepard of Cambridge, on the occasion, addressed them to this

purpose.

You Roxbury Poets, keep clear of the crime
Of missing to give us a very good rhyme.
And you of Dorchester your verses lengthen,
And with the text's own word you will them
strengthen.

The design was to obtain a closer adherence to they chiefly employed, and of Sternhold and Hopthe sense than the versions of Ainsworth, which kins offered. The preface to the new book set this forth distinctly as a motive of the collection, because every good minister hath not a gift of spiritual poetry to compose extemporary psalmes as he hath of prayer.

Neither let any think, that for the metre sake we have taken liberty or poetical licence to depart from the true and proper sense of David's words in the Hebrew verses, noe; but it hath been one part of our religious care and faithful endeavour, to keepe close to the original text.

If, therefore, the verses are not always so smooth and elegant as some may desire or expect; let them consider that God's altar needs not our polishings, Er. 20: for we have respected rather a plain translation, than to smooth our verses with the sweetness of any paraphrase, and so have attended conscience rather than elegance, fidelity rather than poetry, in translating the Hebrew words into English language, and David's poetry into English metre, that so we may sing in Sion the Lord's songs of praise according to his own will; until he take us from hence, and wipe away all our tears, and bid us enter into our master's joy to sing eternal Hallelujaha

As specimens of this version we may give the following, not remarkable for grace or melody, however distinguished for fidelity.

Marnalia, ill. 100. We take the title from the copy in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Library, which, from an entry on a fly-leaf, was one of the books belonging to "the New England Library," begun to be collected by Thomas Prince, upon his entering Harvard College July 6, 1708. The Whole Book of Psalms faithfully translated into English metre. Whereunto is prefixed a discourse declaring not only the lawfulness, but also the necessity of the heavenly ordinance of singing Scripture Psalms In the Churches of God. Imprinted 1640,

Henry Ainsworth was a native of England, a leader of the Brownists, and a man of eminent learning. He retired, on the banishment of the sect, to Holland, where he published his "Book of Palms" in Amsterdam in 1612 The Puritans brought it with them to Plymonth. Sternhold and Hopkins's version of a portion of the Psalms was made in England as early as 1549.

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6. I in my streights, cal'd on the Lord, and to my God cry'd: he did heare from his temple my voyce, my crye, before him came, unto his eare.

7. Then th' earth shooke and quak't and mountaines

roots moov'd, and were stir'd at his ire.

8. Up from his nostrils went a smoak,
and from his mouth devouring fire:
By it the coales inkindled were.

9. Likewise the heavens he downe-bow'd,
and he descended, and there was
under his feet a gloomy cloud.

10. And he on cherub rode, and flew;
yea he flew on the wings of winde.
11. His secret place hee darknes made
his covert that him round confinde,
Dark waters, and thick clouds of skies.

PSALME 123.

A Song of degrees.

1. Blessel is every one

that doth Jehovah feare;
that walks his wayes along.

2. For thou shalt eate with cheere thy hands labour:

blest shalt thou bee,

it well with thee

shall be therefore.

8. Thy wife like fruitful vine
shall be by thine house side:
the children that be thine
like olive plants abide
about thy board.

4. Behold thus blest
that man doth rest,
that feares the Lord.
5. Jehovah shall thee blesse
from Sion, and shall see
Jerusalem's goodness
all thy life's days that bee.
And shall view well

6.

thy children then

with their children, peace on Isr'ell.

In a second edition of the work in 1647, were added a few spiritual songs. This is a specimen of the latter from the "Song of Deborah and Barak."

Jael the Kenite, Heber's wife
'bove women blest shall be,
Above the women in the teut

a blessed one is she.

He water ask'd, she gave him milk:
in lordly dish she fetch'd
IIim butter forth: unto the nail

she forth her left hand stretched:

Her right hand to the workman's maul

and Sisera hammered:

She pierced and struck his temples through, and then cut off his head.

He at her feet bow'd, fell, lay down,

he at her feet bow'd where

He fell whereas he bowed down
he fell distroyed there.

TOL, 1.-3

"A little more art," says Mather, was found to be necessary to be employed upon this version, and it was committed for revision to the President of Harvard, the Rev. Henry Dunster, who was assisted in the task by Richard Lyon, an oriental scholar, who came over to the colony as the tutor to the son of Sir Henry Mildmay. The versification improved somewhat under their hands.

Previously to the publication of this edition, to assist it with the people, came forth the Rev. John Cotton's treatise, "Singing of Psalms a Gospel ordinance," urging the duty of singing aloud in spiritual meetings, the propriety of using the examples in Scripture, and the whole congregation joining in the duty; and meeting the objec tions to the necessary deviation from the plain text of the Bible. The circumstance that Popish churches used chants of David's prose helped him along in the last particular. The difficulties to be met show a curious state of religious feeling. That the use of the Psalms of David in religious worship, should be vindicated, in preference to dependence upon the special spiritual inspirations of this kind on the occasion, such as the state of New England literature at that time afforded, is something notable in the Puritan history. Another scruple it seems was in permitting women to take part in public psalmody by an ingenious textual argument which ran this way. By a passage in Corinthians it is forbidden to a woman to speak in the church-"how then shall they sing?" Much less, according to Timothy, are they to prophesy in the Church-and singing of Psalms is a kind of prophesying. Then the question was raised whether "carnal men and pagans" should sing with Christians and Church-inembers. Such was the illiberal casuistry which Cotton was required to meet. He handled it on its own grounds with breadth and candor, in the spirit of a scholar and a Christian. "Though spiritual gifts," he wrote, "are necessary to make melody to the Lord in singing; yet spiritual gifts are neither the only, nor chief ground of singing; but the chief ground thereof is the moral duty lying upon all men by the commandment of God: any be merry to sing Psalms. As in Prayers, though spiritual gifts be requisite to make it ac ceptable, yet the duty of prayer lieth upon all men by that commandment which forbiddeth atheism: it is the fool that saith in his heart there is no God: of whom it is said they call not upon the Lord, which also may serve for a just argument and proof of the point."

The Bay Psalm Book was now adopted and was almost exclusively used in the New England Churches. It passed through at least twentyseven editions by 1750.

The first American edition of Sternhold and Hopkins's version was published at Cambridge in 1698.

Cotton Mather, in 1718, published a new literal version of the Psalms-"The Psalterium Americanum," of which a notice will be found in the account of that author. The Rev. Thomas Prince, the antiquarian, revised the Bay Psalm Book with care. It was published in 1758 and introduced into the Old South Church, of which he had been pastor, in October of that year, the Sunday after his death.

Dr. Watts's Hymns were first published in

England in 1707, and his Psalms in 1719. He sent specimens of them the year before to Cotton Mather, who expressed his approval. The Hymns were first published in America by Dr. Franklin in 1741, and the Psalms in the same year, in Boston. They did not come into general use till after the Revolution.

Tate and Brady's version of the Psalms, published in England at the close of the seventeenth century, was not reprinted in America till 1741. It furnished the material for the collection in use by the Protestant Episcopal Church.

In 1752, the Rev. John Barnard, pastor at Marblehead for fifty-four years, who lived in great estimation for his high character to the age of eighty-eight, published a new version of the Psalms based on the old Bay Psalm Book.*

NATHANIEL WARD.

Nut & Wards

ties. Fuller has also preserved his Latin Epi-
taph:

Quo si quis scivit scitius,
Aut si quis docuit doctius;
At rarus vixit sanctius,
Et nullus tonuit fortius:

and thus translated it :

Grant soine of knowledge greater store,
More learned some in teaching;
Yet few in life did lighten more,

None thundered more in preaching.

In the library of the Mass. Historical Society there is an old London quarto of the seventeenth century, entitled "A Warning Piece to all Drunkards and Health Drinkers," which contains a "collection of some part of a Sermon long since preached" by Mr. Samuel Ward, of Ipswich, entitled, A Wo to Drunkards. "He lived," continues this old writer, "in the days of famous King James, and was like righteous Lot, whose soul was vexed with the wicked conversation of the Sodomites. He published divers other good sermons. His text was in Proverbs xxiii. 29, 32. To whom is woe? to whom is sorrow? to whom is THE most quaint and far-fetched in vigorous expression of the early political and religious tracts strife? In the end it will bite like a serpent, and generated in New England, is that piece of pedan-sting like a cockatrice. Ile begins thus: tic growling at toleration, and pungent advice to British Royalty, inclosing a satire on the fashionble ladies of the day, the production of Nathaniel Ward, Pastor of the Church at Ipswich, which is entitled the Simple Cobler of Agawam. This was written in America in 1645, when the author was seventy-five. It has a home thrust or two at the affairs and manners of the colony, showing where it was written, but is mainly levelled at the condition of England. The style is for the most part very affected, a Babylonish Dialect;" full of the coinage of new words,—

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Words so debas'd and hard, no stone Was hard enough to touch them onpassing, however, into very direct nervous English in the appeal to the King, then at war with his subjects.

Theodore de la Guard, the name assumed by the author, addresses his remarks "to his native country." Ward was born in England in 1570, at Haverhill, in Suffolk. His father Samuel, the "painful minister" of that place, had four sons in the Church, of whom, according to Dr. Fuller in his "Worthies," people used to say that all of them put together would not make up his abili

A History of Music in New England, by George Hood. Boston: 1816. Much interesting matter has been collected by Mr. Hood, who gives specimens of the writers Moore's Encyclopædia of Music and Psalmody.

+The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America, willing to help 'inend his native country, lamentably tattered, both in the upper-leather and sole, with all the honest stitches he can take. And as wliling never to be paid for his work, by old English wonted pay.

It is his trade to patch all the year long, gratis,
Therefore I pray, Gentlemen, keep your purses.
By Theodore de la Guard. In rebus arduis ac tenui ape,
fortissima quaque consilia tutissima sunt. Cio. In English,
When bootes and shoes are torne up to the lefts,
Coblers must thrust their awls up to the hefts.
This is no time to fearo Apelles granun :
Ne Sutor quidem ultra crepidam.

London: Printed by J. D. & R. I. for Stephen Bowtell, at the
sigue of the Bible in Pope's Head Alley, 1047.

"Seer, art thou also drunk or asleep? or hath a spirit of slumber put out thine eyes Up to thy Ah, Lord! watch-tower, what descriest thou? what end or number is there of the vanities which mine eyes are weary of beholding? But what seest thou? I see men walking like the tops of trees shaken with the wind, like masts of ships reeling on the tempestuous seas: drunkenness, I mean, that hateful night bird; which was wont to wait for the twilight, to seek nooks and corners, to avoid the howting and wonderment of boys and girls; now as if it were some eaglet, to dare the sun-light, to fly abroad at high noon in every street, in open markets and fairs, without fear or shame. Go to then now ye Drunkards, listen, not what I or any ordinary hedge-priest (as you style us) but that most wise and experienced royal You promise preacher hath to say unto you. yourself mirth, pleasure and jollity in your cups; but for one drop of your mad mirth, be sure of gallons and tons of woe, gall, wormwood and bitterness, here and hereafter. Other sinners shall taste of the cup, but you shall drink off the dregs of God's wrath and displeasure. You pretend

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you drink healths and for health; but to whom are all kind of diseases, infirmities, deformities, pearled faces, palsies, dropsies, headaches, if not to drunk

ards,'

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His son Nathaniel was educated at Cambridge, was bred a lawyer, travelled on the Continent with some merchants in Prussia and Denmark, becoining acquainted with the learned theologue Pareus at Heidelberg, and influenced by his authority, devoted himself to divinity. Returning to England he took orders and procured a parish in Hertfordshire. Ile had some connexion with the Massachusetts Company in 1629, got into difficulty as a nonconformist in 1631, was silenced as a preacher and came to America in the summer of 1634, where he was set up as pastor of the church at Ipswich, formerly the Indian town of Agawam. He had John Norton, on his arrival from England the next year, as his associate. He soon after resigned this situation, and

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unravel the whole texture actually, if it be not conserved by an arm of extraordinary power"a sentence which has a very Coleridgean look. Again, an illustration worthy of Milton: “Non senescit veritas. No man ever saw a gray hair on the head or beard of any Truth, wrinkle or morphew on its face: the bed of Truth is green all the year long." This is very tersely expressed:

appears to have been clerical and political assistant in general to the country. His legal training enabled him to prepare a draft of laws, called for by the people of the province, which was more constitutional than the theocratical propositions of John Cotton. His suggestions were mostly included in the code entitled "Body of Liberties," of which he was the author. It was the first code of laws established in New Eng-"It is a most toilsome task to run the wild goose land, being adopted in 1641. It is not to be confounded with the "Abstract of Laws" prepared by Cotton. Many of its provisions and omissions are sagacious, and its statutes are ter-ely worded. A manuscript copy of the "Liberties" was some time since discovered by Mr. Francis C. Gray, of Boston, who has pub lished the work in the Mass. Hist. Society Collections, accompanied by a judicious review of the early legislation.* Ward's Code exhibits, he says, "throughout the hand of the practical lawyer, familiar with the principles and securities of English liberty; and though it retains some strong traces of the times, is in the main far in advance of them, and in several respects in advance of the Common Law of England at this day." Ward returned to England, where, shortly after his arrival in 1647, he published The Simple Cobler, which he had written iu America. He obtained an English parish the next year, at Shenfield in Essex, where he died in 1653. Fuller celebrates his reputation for wit in England, as one who, "following the counsel of the poet,

Ridentem dicere verum,
Quis vetat?

What doth forbid but one may smile,
And also tell the truth the while?

hath, in a jesting way, in some of his books,
delivered much smart truth of the present times."t
Cotton Mather, in the Magnalia, has written the
life of his son who settled at Haverhill, on the
Merrimack, and has given a few lines to the
father's memory as "the author of many compo-
sures full of wit and sense; among which, that
entituled The Simple Cobler (which demonstrated
him to be a subtle statesman), was most consi-
dered;" and in his Remarkables of his father,
Increase Mather, he alludes to Ward's hundred
witty speeches, with an anecdote of the inscrip-
tion over his mantelpiece, the four words en-
graved Sobrie, Juste, Pie, Late.

While looking over the notices of Ward which remain, and which are not so many as could be wished, it has been our good fortune to hold in our hands the copy of The Simple Cobler which belonged to Robert Southey, who, as is well known, was a diligent reader and warm appreciator of the American Colonial history and records. It is marked throughout with his peculiar pencillings on the margin, of the following among other fine passages: "the least truth of God's kingdom, doth in its place uphold the whole kingdom of his Truths; take away the least cericulum out of the world and it unworlds all potentially, and may

Remarks on the Early Laws of Massachusetts Bay, with the Code adopted in 1641, and called the Body of Liberties, now first presented by F. C. Gray, LL.D., &c. Masa, list Soc. Coll, Third Series, vill. 191.

+ Fuller's Worthles, Ed. 1883, 111, 167,

chase after a well-breath'd opinionist: they delight
in vitilitigation: it is an itch, that loves a life to
be scrub'd; they desire not satisfaction, but satis-
diction, whereof themselves must be judges." In
these more earnest thoughts he rises beyond his
word-catching; but one portion of his book is
very amusing in this way, that directed against
the fashionable ladies of the time. The Cobler
professes to be a solitary widower of twelve
years' standing, on the look-out for a mate, and
thinking of going to England for the purpose-
"but," says he, "when I consider how women
have tripe-wifed themselves with their cladments,
I have no heart to the voyage, lest their nauseous
shapes, and the sea, should work too sorely upon
my stomach. I speak sadly; methinks it should
break the hearts of Englishmen to see so many
goodly English-women- imprisoned in French
cages, peering out of their hood-holes for some
men of mercy to help them with a little wit, and
nobody relieves them." He tells us there are
"about five or six" specimens of the kind in the
colony: "if I see any of them accidentally, I
cannot cleanse my fancy of them for a month
after." On this matter the Cobler thus defines
his position:-"It is known more than enough,
that I am neither niggard nor cynic, to the due
bravery of the true gentry: if any man mislikes
a bully mong drosock more than Ï, let him take
her for his labour: I honour the woman that can
honour herself with her attire: a good text
offended if I see a trim, far trimmer than she
always deserves a fair margent: I am not much
that wears it: in a word, whatever Christianity
or civility will allow, I can afford with London
measure but when I hear a nugiperous gentle-
dane inquire what dress the Queen is in this
week: what the nudiustertian fashion of the ́
court, I mean the very newest; with egg to be
in it in all haste, whatever it be; I look at her as
the very gizzard of a trifle, the product of a quar
ter of a cypher, the epitome of nothing, fitter to
be kickt, if she were of a kickable substance, than
either honour'd or hunour'd."

Like most of the Puritans, Ward was a bit of a poet, a cultivator of that crabbed muse who frowned so often on such votaries. But Ward was too sensitive a wit not to have suspicion of his own verses, and says modestly and truly enough of his attempts:-"I can impute it they are but sudden raptures, soon up, soon down." to nothing, but to the flatuousness of our diet: Here are some lines for King Charles's consideration which he appends to his book, and calls "driving in half a dozen plain honest country hobnails, such as the Martyrs were wont to wear."

There, lives cannot be good,
There, faith cannot be sure,
Where truth cannot be quiet,
Nor ordinances pura

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