"An Account of the Number of Souls in the Province of Maryland in the year 1755," published in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1764, gives 1507 men and 386 women convicts, 67 boy and 21 girl convicts, total 1981 convicts in a population of 153,564, of which about half were under 16 years of age, and 30% were colored. The adult convicts were 3.6% of the total white adult population, and were about one-third as numerous as the indentured and hired servants who are classed together. Of course this refers to convicts still serving their term and not to such as had worked out their time. I have probably said sufficient to show that those transported as convicts were convicted on criminal and not on political charges. From the record kept in Baltimore County in consequence of the law of 1769, for the four years from 1770 to 1773, I have made a list of offences registered, viz. : Felony within benefit of clergy, felony without benefit of clergy, larceny, petty larceny, grand larceny, stealing, horse-stealing, stealing a mare, sheep-stealing, stealing a cow, stealing a heifer, stealing a lamb, receiving stolen goods knowing them to be such, housebreaking and stealing, burglary, shop-lifting, defrauding by false pretences, obtaining goods by false pretences, being an incorrigible rogue, burglary and sacrilege, wilful and corrupt perjury, robbery on the highway, rape, murder, bigamy, and being at large before the expiration of a term for which he had been sentenced and ordered transported. Strange to say no less then seventy names of persons convicted of theft and larceny, from Newgate and Middlesex, who were made over to George Moore of London, Merchant, contractor for transporting convicts to some of his majesty's colonies and Plantations in America and assigned by him to George Salmon, are recorded in Baltimore County by William Gibson, clerk, December 31, 1783. The Congress of the United States, September 16, 1788, resolved: "That it be and it is hereby recommended to the several States to pass proper laws for preventing the transportation of convicted malefactors from foreign countries into the United States." Virginia, in response to this resolution, passed an Act November 13, 1788, which states that "it has been represented to this Assembly by the United States in Congress that a practice has prevailed for some time passed, for importing felons convict into this state under various pretences, which said felons convict so imported have been sold and dispersed among the people of this State, whereby much injury hath been done to the morals as well as the health of our fellow citizens," and prohibits such importation for the future under a penalty of three months' imprisonment, and a fine of £50 for each convict imported. We have seen that after 1717 convicts were transported to the colonies in America by authority of an Act of Parliament, that all efforts to put a stop to the practice in Maryland were resisted by the contractors who had a property interest in the services of the convicts, that all Acts passed to the detriment of this property interest, received the dissent of the Lord Proprietary under pressure from the law officers of the Crown, that these convicts were criminals under the law of England, whatever may be thought of the severity of England's criminal law at that period, that in Maryland and the other colonies they were looked upon as criminal and dangerous persons, and by experience they were found to be such, that there is no necessity to confound them with the political prisoners who at certain periods were transported as servants, since these are not mentioned on the records as convicts or felons, but as Rebel prisoners or servants. The transportation of convicts is a chapter in our economic history, and is connected with our social history only as furnishing a portion of the compulsory labor which helped to produce the wealth and the consequent freedom from personal toil which enabled those of the better sort to cultivate the graces and refinements which are not possible to men who, in an agricultural country, earn their bread by the sweat of their own brows. It is connected with our political history only as having, in the words of Franklin in 1768, "long been a great grievance to the plantations in general," and in the words of John Dickinson as being "an insult and Indignity not to be thought of, much less borne without Indignation and Resentment," and, I may add, as being one of the injuries that loosened the bonds of affection that bound us to the mother country. It has been asked, was Maryland a penal colony? All the British colonies in America were equally liable, by Act of Parliament, to receive convicts, and if this makes them so, all the colonies were penal. The convicts were actually sent to the colonies where the best price could be obtained for that property in their services which the statute vested in the contractors for their transportation.' What became of the convicts at the expiration of their term cannot, from the nature of the case, be answered statistically. Eddis, writing in 1770, says: "Those who survive the term of servitude, seldom establish their residence in this country; the stamp of infamy is too strong upon them to be easily erased : they either return to Europe, and renew their former practices; or, if they have fortunately imbibed habits of honesty and industry, they remove to a distant situation, where they may hope to remain unknown, and be enabled to pursue with credit every possible method of becoming useful members of Society." 2 THE STAINED GLASS WINDOWS IN THE CLAYTON C. HALL. The designs in the three stained glass windows upon the central stairway, which confront the visitor to the new State Building at Annapolis, are not only highly ornamental and decorative in effect, but are extremely interesting from an historical point of view. As the inscriptions upon the windows themselves indicate, the 'Instruction to Governor Gordon: Pennsylvania Archives, 1731, (1st Series, Vol. I, p. 306), . . . . “that you do not give your assent to or pass any act whatever imposing Duties on the Importation of any Felons from this Kingdom into our said Province of Pennsylvania. — G. R." 2 Letters of William Eddis, p. 67. middle one, with the equestrian figure, represents the obverse or front, of the Great Seal prescribed in 1648 by Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, for use in the Province of Maryland. The window to the left hand of the observer represents the reverse of that Seal, while the one to the right reproduces the design of the present Great Seal of the State as restored by resolution of the General Assembly in 1876. These windows were constructed by the Tiffany Favrile Company under the direction of Messrs. Baldwin & Pennington, the architects of the building, and correctly present in rich and glowing color the beautiful armorial bearings of this State. The special interest attaching to these designs from an historical point of view arises chiefly from the fact that Maryland is the only one of the United States which possesses a coat of arms of purely heraldic design, and the further fact that the Provincial Seal of 1648, cut in silver, is still in existence, preserved in the Land Office. It is probably the oldest relic of the kind in this country. The Seal of 1648 was sent out by Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, to replace one that had been lost or stolen during the Ingle rebellion of 1644/5, and is described in the letter of commission, dated August 12, 1648, which accompanied it, as "being somewhat different (though but little) from our said former Great Seal of the Said Province." A change was of course necessary to prevent the fraudulent use of the old Seal if still existing, but in what the difference consisted it is impossible now to say, as no impressions of the earlier Great Seal have been found; but it is more than probable that on the new Seal the "plowman and fisherman," indicative of Maryland's resources in agriculture and fisheries, were substituted as supporters for the leopards of Lord Baltimore's family coat of arms. This theory is strengthened by the fact that the Proprietary's lesser seal of arms (which is also preserved in the Land Office) has upon it the leopards as supporters. This is probably the oldest of the Maryland seals now existing. The obverse of the Great Seal is described by the Proprietary as having engraven thereon "our Figure in Compleat Armour on Horse Back with our Sword drawn and our Helmett on and a Great Plume of Feathers affixed to it the Horsetrappings furniture and Caparisons being adorn'd with the figure of our Paternal Coat of Arms and underneath the Horse a Sea Shoar engraven with Certain Flowers and Grass Growing upon it." The legend upon the border was CECILIUS ABSOLV DMS. TERRÆ MARIÆ· ET · AVALONIÆ. BARO· DE· BALTEMORE (Cecilius, absolute Lord of Maryland and Avalon, Baron of Baltimore). This inscription remained unchanged except that the name Cæcilius was altered to Carolus by recutting. Charles (third Baron) succeeded Cecilius in 1675, and in 1715 his grandson Charles, fifth Baron, succeeded to the title after it had been held but eight weeks by Benedict Leonard, fourth Baron. This second Charles lived until 1751, so that for three-quarters of a century, with the exception of a brief period of less than two months, Charles was the name of the Proprietary. The reverse of this old Seal contains in full the paternal coat of arms referred to as figured or displayed upon the caparisons of the horse. The arms are quarterly, indicating the alliance of two families by intermarriage, where the wife is an inheritor of landed estates. The first and fourth quarters represent the arms of the Calvert family, described in heraldic language as "paly of six pieces or and sable (gold and black) a bend counterchanged." The second and third quarters show the arms of the Crossland family, which Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, derived from his grandmother Alicia Crossland, who was an heiress. This coat is quarterly, argent and gules, (silver and red), a cross bottony counterchanged. Above the shield appears an Earl's coronet indicative of the Palatinate rank of the Province, and above that a helmet placed full-faced, which position denotes sovereign authority. Surmounting the helmet is the family crest of the Calverts, two bannerets or pennons, the staves of which issue from a ducal coronet. This coronet is not indicative of rank, but its use as a part of a crest is an honorable distinction. Upon the border of this side of the shield is the inscription SCUTO BONÆ VOLUNTATIS TUÆ CORONASTI NOS (with the shield of thy good-will |