kind of undulation or wavering of the voice between the two. The circumflex accent is made thus A. In Greek, it is circumflexed or bent about, being made whence the term.

thus, Circum-fluent, (see FLUO, p. 14,) flowing round any thing. Circum-jacent, (see JACIO, p. 18,) lying round about. Circum-locution, (see LOQUOR, p. 22,) denotes a cir

cuit or compass of words, used either when a proper term for expressing any subject naturally and immediately does not occur, or when a person wishes to avoid something disagreeable, inconvenient, or improper to be expressed in direct terms.

Circum-navigate, (see Aco, p. 2,) to sail round. Circum-scribe, (see SCRIBO, p. 33,) signifies, literally, to write around a thing; and, figuratively, to inclose within certain limits: A garden is circumscribed by a ditch, by lines, or posts, that serves as its boundaries; it is inclosed by a wall or fence.

Circum-spect, (see SPECIO, p. 37,) to look around; figuratively, to be cautious as if looking at every thing around us.

Circum-stance, (see Sro, p. 36,) literally, that which stands around another. It is used with us in a moral sense only: "To every event are annexed circumstances of time or place, or other collateral appendages which change its nature."

Some writers upon Ethics sum up all the circumstances of the actions of men in the following terms, sometimes called categories*: quis, quid, ubi, quibus auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando.

* The word category was borrowed by the schools from the forum or court of justice; as in a trial, the prosecutor in accusing the criminal must charge him expressly, or affirm that he did this or that, in positive terms: whence the word category, from the Greek narnyogsiv, (kategorein,) to declare a charge of accusa

[Quis, (who,) denotes the quality, state, age of the person.

Quid, (what,) the greatness, smallness, multitude, fewness, &c. of the thing.

Ubi, (where,) the place.

Quibus auxiliis, (with what assistance,) the instruments, means, &c.

Cur, (why,) on what account, with what view. Quomodo, (how,) the quality of the action, as to intention or remissness, designedly or casually, secrecy or openness.

Quando, (when,) the time, as on a holiday, at the hour of prayer, &c.]

Aristotle distributed circumstances into the following ten categories: viz, substance, quantity, quality, relation, action, passion, place, time, habit, condition.

Circumstances which either necessarily or usually attend facts of a peculiar nature, that cannot be demonstratively evinced, are called presumptuous, and are only to be relied on till the contrary be actually proved evidence founded on such circumstances is termed circumstantial evidence.

Circum-vent, circumvenio, (see VENIO, p. 41,) I come round about. Circumvent, with us, signifies to cheat. Circum-volution, (see Volvo, p. 41,) the act of rolling round.

Cite, citation. (See CIEO, p. 7.) The calling a person before a judge; a quotation or passage taken from another. "View the principles in their own authors, and not in the citations of those who could confute them." Watts.

City, civic, civil. (See Cıvıs, p. 7.) Though the word city signifies with us such a town corporate as hath usually a bishop and cathedral church, yet it is not always so; Westminster being called a city, although it hath not now a bishop.-Civil, relating to the community. This word is used in a variety of ways: as, "the ecclesiastical courts are controlled by the civil."

A person banished or excommunicated, is said to suffer civil death, though not natural death. The civil magistrate's authority is distinguished from the authority of the military power.

Civil Law, is that law which every particular nation has established for itself. Civil War, a war between the people of the same state.

Civil List, the money allotted for the support of the king's household, and for defraying certain charges of government. Civil Year, is the legal year, or annual account of time, which every government appoints to be used within its own dominions, and is so called in contradistinction to the natural year, which is measured exactly by the revolution of the heavenly bodies. Civilian denotes something belonging to the civil law; but more especially the doctors and professors thereof are called Civilians; of these there is a college or society in London, known by the name of Doctors' Commons.

Class. Classic, or classical, an epithet chiefly applied to authors read in the classes at school. The term class seems to owe its origin to Tullius Servius, who, in order to make an estimate of every person's estate, divided the Roman people into six parts, which he called classes. The persons of the first class, were, by way of eminence, called classici, (classics): hence, authors of the first rank came to be called classics. Code, or codex. A collection of laws. The word comes from codex, a paper book, so called à codicibus arborum, the trunks of trees; the bark whereof being stripped off served the ancients to write their books on.-Codicil, from codicillus, a little book. A supplement to a will or other writing.

CUM. The preposition Cuм, marks union, and is translated by with, or together. When it enters

I

into combination, it changes its form and becomes com, con, col, or cor. Before the vowels and the letter h, the final consonant is dropped.

Co-adjutor, (adjutor, a helper,) a fellow helper. A coadjutor is more noble than an assistant; the latter is mostly in a subordinate station, but the former is an equal.

Co-equal, (see EQUALIS, p. 1,) one who is of the same rank or dignity with another.

Co-ercive, coërceo, (arceo, I hinder,) I hinder with force; that is, I keep in order by force. Coercion is a species of restraint: coercion always comprehends the idea of force, restraint that of simply keeping back or under. The law restrains all men in their actions, more or less; it coerces those who attempt to violate it. The virtues of a general, or a king, are prudence, counsel, active fortitude, coercive power, and the exercise of magnanimity as well as justice.” Dryden.

Co-eternal, (æternus, eternal,) equally eternal with (another.)

Co-eval, (ævum, an age,) being of the same age with (another.)

"Silence coeval with eternity,

"Thou wast, ere nature first began to be." Pope.

Co-existent, is compounded of co (for cum), ex, and sisto, (see EXIST.) Coexistent, signifies having existence at the same time with another. "Time is taken for so much of duration as is coexistent with the motions of the great bodies of the universe." Locke. Co-gent, cogo, (see Aco, p. 2,) I drive together. Cogent, with us, is used only figuratively, and has a meaning similar to forcible. Upon men, intent only upon truth, the arm of an orator has little power; a credible testimony, or a cogent argument, will over

come all the art of modulation, and all the violence of contortion."

Co-gitate, cogito, (see Aco, p. 2.) I think deeply; that is, I agitate my thoughts together.-Cogitation. "Descartes proves that brutes have no cogitation, because they could never be brought to signify their thoughts by any artificial signs." Ray. Cog-nate. See CONNATE.

Co-habitation, (see HABEO, p. 17,) the state of living with (another.) "M. Brumans, at one hundred and twenty-two years, died for love of his wife, (who was ninety-two at her death,) after seventy years cohabitation." Tatler.

Co-heir, cohærere, (see HÆREO, p. 17,) to stick together; to hold fast to another, as parts of the same body. Coherence or coherency, that state of bodies in which their parts adhere to each other. Cohesion, the act of sticking together. Coheir, one of two or more men among whom an inheritance is divided. Coheiress, a woman who has an equal share of an inheritance with other persons.

Co-in-cide, co-in-cidence, coincido, (incido, I fall in,) I fall in with another. "Two sides of different triangles coincide when they are applied to each other, so as to fall on the same point." The word is usually employed in a moral sense, as, a coincidence of sentiment may easily happen without any communication, since there are many occasions in which all reason

able men will think nearly alike." Johnson.

Col-lapse, collabor, (see LABOR, p. 19,) I slip together. The sides of a bag are said to collapse, when they fall together.

Col-late, confero, (see FERO, p. 13,)

bring or put together. To collate, is to place two or more things together in order to compare them.

Col-lateral, (see LATUS, p. 19,) placed side to side. In genealogy, those that stand in equal relation to

some common ancestor.

Col-league, (see LEGO, No. II. p. 19,) one sent or em