evil repute are open on that day, and there people may amuse themselves as they please."

Caroline, Countess of Harrington, was a daughter of the second Duke of Grafton. In 1746 she married the Earl of Harrington, and ten years later became a leader of London society. Her position in 1763 was analogous to that occupied fifty years later by the beautiful Lady Jersey. Lady Harrington, who died in 1784, is frequently mentioned by chroniclers of the eighteenth century, among others by Biron, Duc de Lauzun.* When Casanova made her acquaintance she was about forty years of age, and though no longer handsome, she bore traces of a former beauty. Lady Harrington received him in a salon full of fashionable people who were playing cards at small tables. In view of her position, as one of Teresa Cornelys's lady patronesses, Lady Harrington saw an opening for a stroke of business. Before Casanova had been ten minutes in her society she contrived to sell him a ball ticket for two guineas. "By the way,' she said, as though struck by a sudden inspiration; next Thursday there will be an assembly of the nobility in Soho Square. Here is a ticket of admission, ball and supper only two guineas-a mere nothing. When I handed her the money she wrote on the back of the ticket the words: 'Paid. Harrington.' I took care not to tell her that I was acquainted with Madame Cornelys."

Having thus done what she conceived to be her duty, Lady Harrington presented her visitor to Lady Northumberland, who happened to be playing whist at the further end of the room :

"At the conclusion of the rubber my presentation took place. Lady Northumberland received me graciously, and invited me to join in a round game. Although we played for small stakes I managed in a short time to lose fifteen guineas-a debt which I heedlessly discharged in gold. On leaving the table Lady Harrington drew me aside, and asked whether I possessed any bank-notes. I told her that my portfolio contained about fifty notes, but none for less than one hundred guineas.

"Then why not change one of those notes?' she said. It is an unpardonable gaucherie to pay your losses in coin. Did you not remark the smile upon that lady's face when you handed her the gold?'

"I was impressed by the lady's beauty,' said I. 'Who is she?'

"Lady Coventry, a daughter of the Duchess of Hamilton.'

"Shall I make my excuses?'

"That is not necessary. The thing is done, and there's an end of it. After all,' continued Lady Harrington, Lady Coventry ought not to mind having gained fifteen shillings, which is the present rate of

exchange.'

Among those whose acquaintance Casanova made at Lady Harrington's was one whom he invariably styles "Lord Hervey, the hero of Havannah." The gallant officer in question was, of course, Capt. (afterwards Commodore) Harvey, who commanded H.M.S._Dragon at the siege of Havannah in 1762. He had married Miss

* 'Mémoires de Lauzun,' Paris, 1822, p. 117.

Chudleigh, from whom he was then separated. That lady afterwards became celebrated as the Duchess of Kingston. A portrait of Capt. Harvey, with a brief notice of his career, appeared in the London Magazine for November, 1763. Casanova tells us that one day, while walking in Hyde Park with Capt. Harvey, a gentleman came up and entered into conversation with Harvey. After they had parted Casanova inquired his name. "He is a brother of Lord Brockill, who was executed for murder," replied Harvey. And then ensued a philosophic discussion which is well worth reading. My sole reason for mentioning this matter is that I have not been able, even with the assistance of the learned Mr. Edward Walford, to discover any nobleman bearing that or any similar name who suffered the extreme penalty of the law for any such crime. The only title in the peerage which at all resembles the name in question is that of Lord Broghill. This title is one of the inferior titles of the Earls of Cork and Orrery. It was created in 1627, in favour of Roger Boyle, afterwards Earl of Orrery, who was distinguished for his learning and for his military skill in and after the time of Cromwell. No owner of that title was ever executed. Being certain that Casanova would not have mentioned this incident unless there had been ground for such a statement, I offer the problem for solution to those who may be interested in such matters.

"One morning I went with Martinelli to the British Museum, where I saw some fine pictures by Rubens and Van Dyck. In the evening we went to Drury Lane Theatre, where, owing to a change in the programme, there was a serious disturbance. Although several members of the royal family were in the house at the time, their presence was not sufficient to abash the rioters. Garrick in vain came three times to the front of the stage, and attempted to address the people. He was received with hisses and hooting, while apples, potatoes, and other missiles were hurled at him. Upon the fall of the curtain the people in the pit rose in a body, and stormed the stage. Everything was broken, and the scenery torn into shreds. I never saw such destruction -nothing but the bare walls remained. Martinelli laughed a good deal at this spectacle of mob fury. As for myself, I had lately been reading Montesquieu and Voltaire, who both uphold the sagacity and self-control of the English people. After that exhibition of unreasoning impulse I scarcely knew what to think of those great philosophers. It seemed as though their doctrines had just received a crushing refutation."

Lane Theatre, and on 24 Feb., 1763, there was a On 25 Jan., 1763, there was a riot at Drury similar riot at Covent Garden, but I have not been able to find any record of an émeute at a London theatre during the summer of that year. It is, of course, possible that Casanova, in his declining years, may have regarded as a personal experience A similar effect is said to have been produced on an episode which he had heard freely discussed. the mind of George IV. at the bare mention of the battle of Waterloo-the curious result of a graphic

description upon an imaginative mind or, possibly in some cases, a too retentive memory. The men tion of poor old David Garrick's name suggests the following.

St. James's Chronicle, 15 Sept., 1763 :"Mr. Garrick_left his house in Southampton Street, Covent Garden, for Italy."

On the day fixed for the ball at Soho Square, Casanova presented himself at Carlisle House, and found the rooms already full of people. Lady Harrington, the most influential of her patronesses, handed over to the Cornelys the money she had amassed by the sale of tickets-a sum which on that occasion happened to be considerably in excess of the average receipts.

"I will not try to describe that soirée, which has left no lasting impression on my memory. I found the manners of that vast assemblage so stiff and cold, that,

at the end of a couple of hours, unable to support the

tedium longer, I seized my hat and left the place."

Casanova's impressions of London are instructive. "London is about the last place in the world wherein to reside when in low spirits. Its environments, like its atmosphere, are sombre and dull. In vain I tried to dissipate the gloom by which I was afflicted. My days were passed in wandering aimlessly about the streets, and when exhausted I took refuge in coffee houses. The people who came in and went out formed my sole distraction. It amused me to watch all those parrot faces, resembling nutcrackers-their pinched mouths opening and shutting as if worked by a spring-articulating shrill strident sounds, while they methodically munched long slices of buttered bread and emptied huge

bowls of tea."

be sacrified for the sake of a bet?'

"Probably. The rage for betting is deep rooted in this country, and there are everywhere in London clubs where betting is the chief amusement.'

"And if this man dies, what will be done to his

opponent?'

If the fight was not a fair one-if there was any foul play-he will be hanged. If otherwise, his right hand will be branded with a hot iron. That mark will show that the man has already caused the death of a fellow creature, and that his neck is ripe for the gibbet.

"Let us suppose that a man thus branded is himself attacked.'

"In that case he has only to show his hand, and he will be left in peace. If he kills his assailant in selfdefence the law will absolve him.""

"My brother Jean made me a present of an onyx of great beauty. It was a cameo representing Venus at the bath, a real antique, for with a powerful magnifying glass the name of the sculptor Sostratus, who flourished twenty-three centuries ago, could be distinctly read. Two years later I sold that gem to Doctor Masti in London for three hundred pounds. It is probably still at the British Museum."

It seemed to me that this statement might be put to the proof, and, thanks to the courtesy of the British Museum authorities, my researches led to the following result. Of Dr. Masti (probably Musters) nothing is known. He may have sold the cameo during his lifetime, or it may have been acquired by Mr. Townley; but certainly he did not dispose of it to the British Museum. No. 802 in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities is an onyx cameo representing Aphrodite; and No. 2309 is an onyx cameo representing a satyr seated, clutching at the robe of a menad who stands (back to front) looking at him. In her right hand is a thyrsus inscribed CNCTPAT (Sostrat), but presumably thus engraven in modern times. This gem came to the Museum in the Townley Collection (1814). It is mentioned by Brunn,* who quotes Casanova's words.

The Lord Pembroke of that day was a friend of Casanova. His name frequently appears in this portion of the 'Memoirs.' In 1763 Henry, tenth Earl of Pembroke, was twenty-nine years old. He had married, in 1756, a daughter of the third Duke of Marlborough, and resided (presumably apart from his wife) at Chelsea, where Casanova frequently dined with him. Lord Pembroke attained to the rank of a lieutenant-general in the army; was colonel-in-chief of the 1st Dragoons, and died in 1794. In his youth he seems to have been a libertine, and, like most sportsmen in those days, was strongly addicted to cock-fighting. His marriage was no bar to his bohemianism, and he introduced Casanova to some very shady people, through whom he made the acquaintance of Newgate. Lady Pembroke is never mentioned in the

Memoirs.' That good woman survived her husband thirty-seven years, and died in 1831. Early in September of this yeart Commodore Harvey, accompanied by Lord Pembroke, Sir William Boothby, and Mr. St. John, left London for Ply

*Gesch. der Gr. Künstler,' vol. ii. p. 587.
† See St. James's Chronicle, 6 Sept., 1763.

RICHARD EDGcumbe.

33, Tedworth Square, Chelsea.

THE PATRON SAINT OF AUCHTERARDER.—The

parish church of Auchterarder was undoubtedly dedicated to St. Mackessog. This appears from the foundation charter of the Abbey of Inchaffray of 1200 and subsequent charters contained in the chartulary. A well a short distance to the south of the church still bears the time-honoured name of the saint, while his day, 10 March, is kept as one of the principal fairs of the town.

A mistake has crept in and been perpetuated in ascribing the patronage to St. Kentigern or St. Mungo. Dr. Rankin, in his interesting and otherwise accurate article on the ancient churches

of Strathearn contributed to the Chronicles of Strathearn,' refers to this dedication, and endeavours to account for it by supposing that there may have been an altar or side chapel dedicated to St. Mungo in the church of St. Mackessog; but there is nothing to warrant such an assumption. There is neither a side chapel on the outside of the building nor room within its narrow walls for a side altar, and there is no historical evidence to support such a theory. The error appears to have originated in a random statement in the inaccurate account of Auchterarder contributed to 'The New Statistical Account of Scotland,' Perth, 290, and perpetuated by other writers, notably by Walcot in his 'Scoti Monasticon' and the 'Historians of Scotland,' vol. v. xc.

I observe that a writer of a guide - book, 'Walks round Auchterarder,' says that the chapel within the town where the present parish church stands was said to have been dedicated to St. Mungo. This is also erroneous. The chapel was dedicated to our Lady. This appears from a charter, dated 3 December, 1477, by Symon Wylde, burgess of the burgh of Auchterarder, in favour of Agnes Wylde, his brother's daughter, and John Young, her husband, of two crofts on the north side of the burgh. One of the crofts is described as "Illa proximius capelle nostre Domine," and the reddendo is "servicio et sustentacione dicte capelle sex solidos vsualis monete Scocie annui redditus annuatim." This shows that not only was the chapel dedicated to our Lady, but a stipend of six shillings Scots was imposed upon the adjacent croft for its service and upkeep. Sir Alexander Hyrdman, priest, had then the adjoining croft on the west. It is evident that while the church of St. Mackessog was the parish church, there was a pre-Reformation chapel within the town, above referred to; and while the cure of the parish church was served by a parochial curate appointed by the Abbey of Inchaffray, the burgh chapel had also a chaplain. Sir David Cardney

William Ewinsone was at the same time chaplain. In 1603 the chapel yard was used for holding the Burgh Courts, an inquest under a brieve of lining having been then held in it.

Dr. Rankin appears to suppose that the present parish church dates only from 1660. The present church was built about that time, but replaced the old chapel of our Lady of unknown antiquity. A. G. REID.

Auchterarder.

BLANCO WHITE'S SONNET ON 'NIGHT.'-The well-known analogy drawn by J. Blanco White between Night and Death, as the possible revealer of glories unseen in this life, may perhaps have been suggested by a somewhat similar comparison made by Madame de Staël in 'Corinne,' ad finem. The passage to which I refer runs thus :

n'est il pas plus beau pendant la nuit? Déjà la nuit s'avance à mes regards, mais le ciel Des milliers d'étoiles le décorent. Il n'est de jour qu'un désert. Ainsi, les ombres éternelles révélent d'innombrables pensées que l'éclat de la prosperité faisent oublier."

Thos. Moore's conclusion of his hymn, beginning, "Oh! Thou who dry'st the mourner's tear," presents yet another mode of treating the same natural phenomenon :

Then sorrow, touch'd by Thee, grows bright
With more than rapture's ray;

As darkness shows us worlds of light,
We never saw by day!

"The mavis breaks into song in the morning 'in a glad matin breathing the hopefulness of daybreak. The blackbird belongs to the evening, as his very colour would suggest. His song is a vesper, according with the soberness of twilight.'

Has either of these writers been among the hedgerows at dawn in early summer; or has it ever been his lot to be on the point of falling asleep at that early hour in a bedroom overlooking shrubberies? If so, his observation must have been restricted in some extraordinary way if he failed to notice the singing of blackbirds. The fact is that, with the doubtful exception of the robin, the blackbird is probably the quickest of Scottish songsters to hail with its full liquid notes the approach of smiling morn. No doubt it sings, and sings very beautifully, in the evening as well, continuing its minstrelsy till dewy eve has fairly settled over the landscape, as if taking the last farewell of the day that it was so prompt to herald. Very nearly the same may be said of the thrush.

Helensburgh, N.B.

HAMLET,' 1603.—In a very interesting article describing the Shakesperean books preserved at Warwick Castle, which appeared in vol. i. of 'The Shakesperean, occurs the following startling statement: "The earliest edition of Hamlet,' for Nicholas Ling and John Trundell, 1603." At first I imagined it was possibly a facsimile; but, proceeding further, I noted that all facsimiles were clearly mentioned. Surely there must be some mistake, as copies of this edition are so rare that for many years the Duke of Devonshire's copy was the only one known to be extant; however, another copy turned up, which is now in the British Museum. Most of the copies of Shakesperean quartos can be traced to the different owners' libraries. Surely the rarest and most cherished one would have been notified by some Shakesperean bibliographer! There are many other editions described as original in this Warwick collection; but until the originality of the 'Hamlet' copy is confirmed the others must remain doubtful. MAURICE JONAS.

2, Drapers' Gardens.

"SCOT" AS A HORSE'S NAME.-Chaucer (Prol. 616) mentions Scot as a horse's name; of which there are numerous examples, as the name is in use still. But the following note, at p. 60 of the Third Series of Collectanea' of the Oxford Historical Society, is well worth notice. The editor remarks that horses' names are often given in old inventories, and adds,

in Berington's inventory of the stock on the estates in 1389 [note the date] we find bayard porter, bayard pyn-hors, bayard cutte, gray Scot, bayard blind, gray Frampton, gray ambler, gryme, gray doxo, bay blind, gray bleb, gray Rougton, Scot, brune, gray liard, Gyll, bird."

In this contemporary list Scot appears twice.

WALTER W. SKEAT.

"TWILL."—I am able to give very early quotations for this word, which was introduced into England from the Netherlands, probably in the time of Edward III. In an inventory written | about the year 1400, printed in the Third Series of 'Collectanea' of the Oxford Historical Society, at p. 44, is the entry: "Item, i manutergium tweyld pro principalibus." Again, in a similar list, dated 1456, at p. 52, we find : Item, unum manutergium tweld pro principalibus."

WALTER W. SKEAT. “ARSÉ-VERSÉ.”—This expression is quoted in the English Dialect Dictionary' (so splendidly begun, felix faustumque sit !) from Bailey (1721),

S. Woodford.

GOG AND MAGOG.-An old West-Country book, 'Specimens of Cornish Provincial Dialect,' gives the following unmistakably Western version of the origin of these names :

"The Trenoodles was well to do as long agone as one thousand and one hundred years before the Christian era; for, about this time, the grand wrestling bout and Gog-magog, when Cornineus thrawed hes man by a comed off at the Hoe at Plemouth, between Cornineus Cornish hug (then first found out by he), and gived hes name to Cornwall, which were the prize as they wrestled for. Gog-magog was so bedoled, and so sheamed at being beat, that he dedn't live long after, and leaved two wards great figurs up along on the town-hall to Lunnon sons who divided hes name between them, and was afterchurch town."

Exeter.

ANDREW HOPE.

SANTIAGO. The popularity of (St. James, as patron of Spain, has led the Spaniards to enlarge the name from Iago to Santiago. This is brought where both St. James the Greater and St. James out strongly in the Spanish version of Acts i. 13, the Less are mentioned: "Donde tenian su morada Pedro, y Santiago, y Juan, y Andres, Felipe y Tomas, Bartolomé y Mateo, Santiago hijo de Alfeo, y Simon el Zelador, y Judas hermano de Santiago." And in the "Orden de los Libros" the San is actually duplicated, thus: "Epistola Catolica de S. Santiago." The fact that the Spanish New Testament is a Protestant translation makes the case only the stronger.

Portland, Oregon.

RICHARD H. THORNTON.

"ANIMALCULE."-I was under the impression that this incorrect plural of animalculum, which one often meets with instead of animalcula, was a product of this enlightened century. ever, is not the case, as I have recently found it This, howin Foote's 'The Devil upon Two Sticks,' 1768, III. ii.:

"Hellebore......Brethren and students, I am going to open to you some notable discoveries that I have made, respecting the source, or primary cause of all distempers incidental to the human machine: And these, brethren, I attribute to certain animalculæ, or piscatory entities, that insinuate themselves thro' the pores into the blood, and in that fluid sport, toss, and tumble about, like mackarel or codfish in the great deep."

Here we have in anticipation the modern theory of germs, bacilli, bacteria, et id genus omine. F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.