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A TREATISE
ON
THE METHODS
OF
OBSERVATION AND REASONING
IN
POLITICS. ·
BY
GEORGE CORNEWALL LEWIS, ESQ.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
LONDON:
JOHN W. PARKER AND SON, WEST STRAND.
MDCCC LII.
SAVILL AND EDWARDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET,
COVENT GARDEN,
2 Special hypothetical effects. Method of determining the
effects of a proposed law
3 Extent to which the effects of a proposed law can be calculated
4 Means of counteracting the probable impediments to a pro-
posed law
CHAPTER XIV.
On the Continuing Operation of Causes in Politics.
ŞI Meaning of the cessation of a cause.
2 In politics, effects generally outlast their original cause
3 Question whether a law ceases with the cessation of its cause
CHAPTER XV.
15
16
18
On Political Theory, and the Universality of Propositions
respecting Political Causation.
Mode of investigating the general problem of causation in
politics
2 Universal propositions can be laid down in positive politics. 3 Principles of universal jurisprudence, how far they can be called universal
4 Universal principles of human nature; their limits.
5 Universal propositions respecting political power
§ 6 Universal propositions respecting forms of government. Ex-
amples of the mode in which the subject has been treated p. 49
7 Analysis of the method of constructing universal propositions
respecting the tendency of the forms of government.
8 Method of investigating the general characteristics of monar-
chical or despotic, as distinguished from free or republican
government.
9 Method of investigating the general characteristics of aristo-
cracy and democracy; meaning of the entire community'
10 Average results respecting forms of government are attainable
Distinction between an inquiry into the characteristics of each
form of government, and the problem of the best form of
II
12
General propositions as to other political relations .
60
70
78
84
85
86
CHAPTER XVI.
On Partial Theories, or Principles of Limited Causation,
I
in Politics.
S True general propositions respecting political causes can be
more easily laid down, if they are confined to a certain set
2
of communities
Such limitations ought to be made expressly
3 Classification of communities. I. Savage and wandering
tribes; II. Oriental; III. European.
the two latter classes illustrated.
Characteristics of
4 Similar characteristics for other classes of communities
106
5
National character.
108
6 Results of the observation of national character; formation of
limited theories and limited maxims
CHAPTER XVII.
On Hypotheses in Politics.
§ I Different sorts of hypotheses used in politics
2 Hypotheses are arbitrary
4 Special hypotheses imply possibility, but general ones do not. 123
3 Hypotheses imply uncertainty
2 Speculative politics admit, though in a less degree, of general
scientific expression .
3
127
The necessity of local and temporary limitations in politics
does not deprive the subject of a scientific character
4 Constantly recurring necessity of new inductions in politics
5 Science of legislation; meaning of the phrase
130
131
6 Law of nature; its supposed universality; opposition between
nature and institution
7 Resemblance of political institutions in different countries ex-
133
On the Art of Politics, and the Formation of Political
4
An empirical art of politics has existed since the existence of
government
151
5 Speculative writers on politics have treated the subject partly as an art, and partly as a science
6 The precepts of political art are general
7 In order to convert political theorems into general precepts,
the end must be given .
152
8 Political apophthegms, preceptive in substance, but not in
form
157
9 Two classes of political maxims-I. Maxims of policy;
II. Maxims of legislation