events connected with his land, and James, who died in 1888, left to this generation the words of his grandfather. Since 1798 the tree has been protected by some member of the Boggs family. A fence was built around it many years ago, and the pioneers as well as succeeding generations called the tree "The Logan Elm.”

After the death of James Boggs the land passed by sale to Mrs. Wallace of Chillicothe, and later she sold four and six-tenths acres now known as Logan Elm Park, to Mrs. Howard Jones and myself, with the understanding that the traditions of the spot be preserved by the final presentation of the land to the State of Ohio. Miss Elizabeth Ruggles of Circleville furnished the money for the purchase. It was mutually understood that the land, the tree and the Boggs monument were to be held in perpetuity by the State as a memorial to Logan, the Mingo Chief, and his famous speech, while at the same time preserving the elm as long as it may live.

Mrs. Howard Jones and myself deeded the land obtained from Mrs. Wallace and paid for by Miss Ruggles, to the Ohio State Archæological Society according to arrangement. The deed transferring the land to the State says in part: "It is understood between the parties hereto that the said conveyance is for the purpose of preserving the said real estate herein conveyed to the State of Ohio and the citizens thereof as an historical site, and it is mutually agreed between the parties hereto, *** if at any time hereafter the land should not be so preserved or used for any other purpose than the aforesaid, then the grantors shall have the right" *** to purchase it back at the sale price of $1.00 paid by the State.

As one of the parties to the conveyance, and having personally talked freely with the representatives of the Archæological Society at the time of the acceptance of the land by said Society, I know there was no misunderstanding or doubt for what historical purpose the land was being preserved. Unfortunately the deed is not as specific as it might have been, and yet it is specific enough, because it is evident that the land was not given to memorialize some person or some event never alluded to by any of the parties to the transaction. Since accepting the land the State has done somewhat to improve and beautify the place and also somewhat to mar and divert the use to which it was dedicated.

Undoubtedly there should be a monument to Cornstalk, the intelligent chief of the Shawnees, who lived on Scippo creek a few hundred yards east of the Circleville and Columbus pike. Also one to his sister, the Grenadier Squaw, who controlled her tribe with ability in the village on the opposite side of the creek. At Camp Charlotte, where Lord Dunmore and his army camped, there should also be a marker, for the treaty of peace signed by him and the Indians is an historical event of the first magnitude.

But this particular site upon which we stand should memorialize none of these men or events. It was set aside solely to the memory of Logan and his speech. The efforts of interested citizens of Pickaway and Ross counties have provided a suitable monument for this park. A monument in granite and bronze, where the cameo of the Logan Elm and a profile of Logan, together with his speech to Lord Dunmore will endure for centuries to come.

History, like science, should consist of a record of

events and facts. Unfortunately, history is more human than science and hence less dependable. The history of the early days of this Ohio country we all know, as it has been compiled by the white man. From these histories we read that the white man had many virtues and few vices. How different would be a history of those early times if written by the Indian! The vocabulary of the Indian was very limited. He never had a written language. He was a speaker of power, using gestures to emphasize his few but well chosen words. All authorities agree he was a convincing and logical speaker. I wish I had the time to repeat to you some of the numerous speeches made by Indian Chiefs at the treaty councils. I wish I were able to write the history of the winning of this country from the viewpoint of an Indian. I believe it might do the white man good to read such an history. We have been educated since childhood to believe that the Indian was a treacherous SAVAGE spelled in red capitals. But let me tell you and insist upon it, that the Indian of this Ohio country, the Indian of the Pickaway Plains, was a very intelligent human being. His virtues were those of his environment and his necessities. His crimes and vices were those of the human race since history began to record them to the present day at Herrin, Illinois. He knew how to torture and finally sell the scalps to the gentlemanly Englishman Hamilton, at Detroit. He knew how to ambush his antagonists and he knew so well the mind of the white men that he often cheated the wily Englishman, Frenchman and Virginian, some of whom were undoubtedly familiar with all the tricks and sharp practices which sent them to Newgate. But granting all the charges made against him by the white man, he has

been outdone in horrible deeds by the very races which have written him into history as a cruel and deceitful savage. The North American Indian was outclassed for cruel punishments and sports by a long line of Roman Emperors. The Cæsars outdid him, and so did the kings of merry old England when it came to torturing enemies, either personal or of State. Artaxerxes. and his spouse could have given the Indian many points in the game and easily have beaten him for awful and protracted tortures. The Indian of these plains was a pigmy in cruelties compared to the Spaniard in Peru. In fact, the cruelties of the inquisition and the horrors of the religious crusades would have taxed the ingenuity of the meanest Indian to despair. The mention of Salem and witches will suggest the close relationship between white man and red man. Perhaps the Indian was right in always addressing the white man as “My Brother." One hundred and fifty years have passed since the torturing and burning at the stake, of Colonel Crawford by the Indians. The practice of burning at the stake is still in vogue by the white man. The Indian has abandoned it.

The North American Indian in days past was no more cruel than mankind the world over. During our colonial and post revolutionary times he knew he was between two fires and that his country and his life were sought by the invaders. He saw his chief men kidnapped by the white man and exhibited as curios before the kings and queens of Europe. He saw his chief men made drunk on board the sailing vessels of the invaders and, with a few gilded gifts, enticed to part with their country. He saw his chief men that he permitted to be held as hostages for the faithful performance of con

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tract, foully murdered pending the performance of the agreement, as in the case of the eminent Cornstalk who lived near here on the banks of the Scippo. He saw the Christianized Moravian Indians, always friendly to the white settlers, butchered like a lot of chickens. They were tomahawked and scalped in cold blood by the very white settlers they were befriending. No more dastardly act can be named during the settling of this whole United States. The Indian felt that from the first he had been tricked and deceived and that the white man wanted nothing but his home. And was he not right?

In all our histories, patriotism and deeds of valor in war are lauded, but patriotism and valor in the Indian, in an effort to save his country and his wigwam, are derided. The British obtained this great tract of land by an atrocious war from a party who did not inhabit it and never had a clear title to it. The revolutionists took it by arms from the British. There never was an honest ownership of it by the white man, except that kind of honesty that is made right by might.

My grandfather who came to this Scioto valley in 1798 used to tell me a story when I was a boy illustrating the fairness with which the white man treated the Indian in all his dealings with him. He said: "A white man and an Indian who were friends started hunting with the agreement that upon their return to camp at night they would divide the game equally. They each had poor luck, the Indian killing only a turkey and the white man only a crow. The white man said to the Indian, "We have had bad luck but you have done better than I have so I shall give you the first choice in the divide. You take the crow and I will take the turkey, or, I will take the turkey and you take the crow."