cate department of knowledge, which he devoted his life to study.-Edinburgh Enc. The above-mentioned work, Paris, 1729–33, 5 vols., folio. (See third part.) Verlot, 1655. Rapin, 1661. His great work, L'Histoire d'Angleterre (Hague, 10 vols. 4to, 1725-26), has been twice translated. It is prolix and unanimated, but impartial, and contains much solid information.-Enc. Am. Rapin's History of England, from Julius Cæsar to the Revolution, 1688, translated by N. Findall, second edition, 2 vols. folio, $7 50, London, 1732. (See third part.) Rollin, 1661. Count de Caylus, 1692. Among his principal works is his "Recueil d'Antiquités Egyptiennes," Paris, 1752-67, 7 vols. If he has sometimes misunderstood the ancient authors, and committed some errors with respect to ancient monuments, he has, nevertheless, treated with great success of the processes and materials employed in the arts by the ancients.-Enc. Am. Voltaire, 1694. Among his historical works, "Le Siècle de Louis XIV. et Louis XV.," and the History of Charles XII., &c., &c., abound in penetrating views. His merits are not those of thorough investigation, but of striking and happy description and sagacious observation. His prevailing defect is the exaggerated estimation of the superiority of the French over other modern nations. Mably, 1709. His style is easy, pure, often elegant, but tame; his views often partake of the asperity of his temper. His complete works appeared at Paris, 1794, 15 vols. Goguet, 1716. He was the author of that excellent work entitled "L'Origine des Loix, des Arts, des Sciences, et de leur Progrès chez les Anciens Peuples," 1758, 3 vols. 4to. The author has done the most he could with the scanty materials within his reach.-Penny Cyr. (See third part.) Barthelemy, 1716. Raynal, 1718. Though he is to be censured for his opinions, which are often licentious and skeptical, his writings possess vigour, clearness, and elegance, and exhibit the nervous powers of an ardent imagination, and the striking features of a rapid invention. Some of his works are, History of the English Parliament, 2 vols. 12mo; Historical Anecdotes from the Age of Charles V., 3 vols. 12mo; Historical Memoirs of Europe; History of the Revolution of the English American Colonies.-Brunet. Millot, 1726. Some of his works are much esteemed for the spirit and elegance of their style. The following were published together: "Elémens de l'Histoire Générale, Ancienne et Moderne;" Elémens de l'Histoire de France; de l'Histoire d'Angleterre.-Brunet. Paris, 1800, 15 vols. 8vo. Daru, 1767. We are indebted to him for two important works, the Life of Sully, and the History of Venice. The last of these is one of the most important productions of modern literature in the department of history. It appeared in a third edition in 1825, in 8 vols.-Enc. Am. (See third part.) Sismondi, 1773. Michaud, 1775. He was the author of an Historical View of the First Wars of Napoleon, 2 vols., and a History of the Crusades. (See third part.) Guizot, 1787. Lacretelle, 1790. As an historical writer he has a peculiarly brilliant diction, although his ideas want force and profundity. He wrote Histoire de France pendant les Guerres de Religion; Histoire de France depuis là Restauration, 3 vols., not completed.— Enc. Am. Villemain, 1791. Histoire de Cromwell, d'après les Mémoires du Temps, et les Recueils Parlementaires, 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1819. In all respects a very good book.-Quart. Rev. (See third part.) Michelet. Augustin Thierry. He has pointed out with great sagacity the defects of the existing French historians. The work which has established his reputation is, "History of the Conquest of England by the Normans, its Causes and Consequences on England, Scotland, and Ireland, and on the Continent." Third edition, Paris, 1830, 4 vols., $3 50. Amadée Thierry. History of the Gauls from the distant Times to the entire Submission of Gaul under the Roman Dominion. Paris, 1828, 3 vols. 8vo, $3 00. Capefigue. History of Philip Augustus, Paris, 1829, 4 vols. 8vo. Constitutional and Administrative History of France from the Death of Philip Augustus, Paris, 1831, 8vo. Mignet. History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814, fifth edition, Paris, 1833, 2 vols. 8vo. The author has drawn from every source, has neglected no kind of testimony, but perhaps the best claim to confidence lies in his not having witnessed the scenes which he relates. He depicts in the most vivid colours its disorders and its triumphs; he develops its mischiefs and its benefits, and judges all in a spirit of impartiality.—Edinb. Rev. Thiers. History of the French Revolution, second edition, Brussels, 1838, 4 vols. Translated, with notes, by F. Shoberl, 5 vols. 8vo, $15 00, London, 1840. 3. ITALIAN AND SPANISH. Poggio, 1380. His sentiments are, in general, liberal and manly, and he may be deemed the most elegant composer in Latin (the language of his works). His "Historia Florentina," which comprises the period from 1350 to 1455, is to be found in the collection of Grævius and Muratori.-Enc. Am. M Valla, 1406. Among the revivers of literature he has always held a high rank, which he merited by unwearied application and an enlarged course of study, including history, criticism, &c., &c. His works were published together at Basil, in 1543.Enc. Am. Platina, 1421. He wrote the "Lives of the Popes," printed first at Venice, 1479, folio; History of Mantua, &c., &c., all in Latin, and collected in folio, 1752.-Blake. Lives of the Popes, 1 vol. 8vo, $2 00, London, 1704. Politianus, 1454. A learned Florentine scholar. Among the most esteemed of his writings is an Account of the Conspiracy of the Pazzi. -Enc. Am. Pactianæ Conjurationis Commentariolum Anno 1478, 4to. Mirandola, 1463. He was considered by his contemporaries a miracle of learning. He published a mystical or cabalistic explanation of the history of the creation, in which he derives Plato's doctrines from Moses. In judging of this work, it is necessary to remember the state of letters at the time when he lived.-Enc. Am. Machiavelli, 1469. His eight books on the History of Florence are among the first historical works of modern times, which deserve to be placed side by side with the beautiful remains of antiquity. The history is distinguished for its pure, elegant, and flowing style; its impartiality is doubtful. Some of the best observations on Machiavel are to be found in a work probably little known to our readers, Professor Ranke's "Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtschreiber," Berlin and Leipzig, 1824.Enc. Am. Works of Machiavel translated, $5 00. Guicciardini, 1482. His History of Italy is well known for the solidity of the reflections, the gravity and impartiality with which it is written, and the prolixity of its narration; a fault, however, frequent, and not unpardonable in historians contemporary and familiar with the events they relate. Guicciardini has generally held the first place among Italian historians, though he is by no means equal, in literary merit, to Machiavel. Hallam. Guicciardini's History, containing the Wars of Italy and other parts, reduced into English by Jeffrey Tenton, folio, $4 50, London, 1618. Mendoza, 1503. His History of the Wars of Grenada is placed, by the Spaniards themselves, on a level with the most renowned of the ancients.--Hallam. Baronius, 1538. His Annals (Rome, 1588-1607, 12 vols. folio) comprise a rich collection of genuine documents from the papal archives, and are therefore of great use to the student of ecclesiastical history, but contain many false statements and unauthentic documents, and the air of sincerity which prevails throughout is calculated to give very erroneous ideas of the papal administration of the Church.-Enc. Am. Sarpi, 1552. In his "History of the Council of Trent," he has developed the intrigues connected with the transactions of the famous assembly with a degree of boldness and veracity which renders the work one of the most interesting and important productions of the class to which it belongs.-Enc. Am. 4to, $6 50, Helmstaedt, 1761. Bentivoglio, 1579. In his History of the Civil Wars of Flanders he has united great political knowledge with perspicuity of narrative and force of language. He is often wonderfully eloquent. As a model of the perfect historical style, we cannot recommend a finer example than Bentivoglio's Introduction to the work we have mentioned.-Tytler. 1 vol. folio, Paris, $2 25. Davila, 1579. He is principally celebrated for his History of the Civil Wars of France, from 1559 to 1598. This has been translated into several languages, and deserves a place near the works of Guicciardini and Machiavelli.-Enc. Am. 2 vols. folio, $7 50, Paris. Muratori, 1672. Annali d'Italia dal principio dell' Era volgare sino all anno 1750, e continuati siño all anno 1827, 40 vols. 8vo, $40 00, |