Study of Chemical Philosophy, and the various treatises on these subjects in the British Library of Useful Knowledge, may be used with advantage. The first has been republished by Professor Renwick, in the School District Library. Kane's Elements of Chemistry, as edited by Professor Draper, contains the most recent, and, therefore, the most complete elementary view of chemistry now extant. Turner's, Beck's, Gray's, &c., &c., will also suffice for ordinary purposes.

For Astronomy, the treatise of Herschel, or the translation, by Haskins, of Arago's admirable Sketch, or the late work of Professor Olmstead, will be amply sufficient for general readers.

In the department of Natural History, Gray's Botanical Text-Book, Lindley's Botany, M'Murtrie's edition of Cuvier's Zoology, Smellie's Philosophy of Natural History, Sheppard's or Dana's Mineralogy, Lyell's Elements and Principles of Geology, and De la Beche's How to Observe in Geology. As a treatise preliminary to the study of Natural History, and calculated to interest the student deeply in its wonders, no book is more admirable than White's Natural History of Selborne. Smellie's Philosophy of Natural History is also a very useful and interesting introduction to the study.

VII. SUGGESTIVE WORKS.-I throw together here a few works which have a surpassing value as guides, and provocatives to thought: 1. Bacon's Essays. 2. Coleridge's Aids to Reflection. 3. Pascal's Thoughts. 4. Selden's TableTalk. 5. Cecil's Remains. 6. Montague's Selections from Old English Writers. 7. Especially Butler's Analogy and Sermons on Human Nature. 8. Chillingworth. 9. Herder's Ideas on the Study of Mankind, translated.

II. PARTICULAR COURSES OF STUDY.

These are intended as helps to those who contemplate a more thorough and extended investigation of subjects than is provided for in the general course.*

1. HISTORY.

"What is the true sense of History? I will answer you by quoting what I have read somewhere or other in Dionysius Halicarnassensis, I think, that History is Philosophy 'teaching by examples.'"-LORD Boling

BROKE.

THE study of History as a science should be preceded by a careful examination of the leading principles of chronology and geography. More recent and popular treatises will generally be sufficient; but a thorough investigation will render it necessary to have recourse to the original authorities.

In Chronology, these are the Chronicon of Eusebius Pamphilus, published in the fourth century, the "De Emendatione Temporum" of Joseph Scaliger (sixteenth century), the Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms, amended by Sir I. Newton (1728), and Kennedy's "Complete System of Astronomical Chronology, unfolding the Scriptures." So far as Grecian Chronology is concerned, the most comprehensive, valuable, and elaborate work is that of Mr. H. F. Clinton, entitled "Fasti Hellenici," the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece from the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus.

The Chronological Tables of Sir Harris Nicolas (1832), contained in one small volume, are among the most recent and convenient.

In Geography, the original authorities, 1, among the an

*Books are not arranged in these courses in the order in which they should be read. In many instances reference has been had only to chronological order.

cients, are Herodotus (the geographical descriptions contained in his History), Polybius (the same), Ptolemy, Pausanias's admirable description of Greece, and especially the great work of Strabo on Physical Geography and Topography. 2. Of the modern authorities, some of the best are MalteBrun, Murray, Balbi, Ritter (a German work), our countrymen Dr. Robertson, Worcester, &c., &c. The student will find no difficulty in procuring good atlases. The great work of Lavoisne, or Le Sage (properly Las Casps), may be recommended as combining the advantages of both ancient and modern chronological and genealogical tables, historical charts, &c., &c.

(A.) ANCIENT HISTORY.*

This may be subdivided into (a) Oriental; (b.) Grecian; (c.) Roman.

(a.) ORIENTAL HISTORY.

In this department of history the distinction between ancient and modern is not so clear and definite as in the others, and, therefore, will not be adhered to rigidly in the following list. Books generally, which throw light on the history and state of civilization of the East, will be recommended.

1. Assyria and Egypt.-The most valuable original authorities among the ancients are, the Old Testament, Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, Arrian, and Strabo. Among the moderns, Shuckford and Prideaux's Connexions, Caylus, Young, Wilkinson, Lane, Rossalini, Champollion, &c., on the Antiquities, Monumental History, &c., &c., of the Egyptians.

2. Persia. The Zendavesta, translated by Anquetil du Perron, and now regarded as authentic. De Sacy's Memoires sur diverses Antiquitées de la Perse, Malcolm's His

* On the Philosophy of History the student may consult Bossuet, Voltaire, Turgot (second volume of his complete works), Guizot, Cousin, Vico (Nuova Scienza), Herder (Ideas), Lessing (Education of the Human Race), Miller (History Philosophically considered).

tory of Persia, Frazer's ditto, Ouseley's Oriental Collections, Travels of Morier, Frazer, Ker Porter, &c., &c.

3. India.-Maffei's History of India, Robertson's Historical Disquisition on India, Malcolm's Memoir on Central India, Asiatic Researches, especially Papers by Sir William Jones, Colebrook, and Professor Wilson, Travels in India by Bishop Heber and others.

4. China.-Mendoza's History of China, written in the sixteenth century, Davis's late and interesting work, entitled "The Chinese," De Guigney's Voyage to Pekin, Du Halde's great work, entitled "Description Geographique, Historique, &c., &c., de l'Empire de la Chine, et de la Tartarie Chinoise," published in 1735; the Embassies of Staunton, Macartney, &c., &c., the more recent travellers, and the publications of Remusat, Klaproth, Morrison, Marshman, Gutzlaff, and others, on the Literature and Antiquities of the Chinese.

On the subject of the East generally, the student is referred particularly to the great work of Heeren, "Reflections on the Politics, Intercourse, and Commerce of the Chief Nations of Antiquity." With respect to the Asiatic and African nations, the subject is fully discussed, and with an ingenuity and freedom before unknown. The same author's "Manual of the History of the Ancient States" will also be found useful, not only for the general outline which it gives, but especially for its references to original authorities, in which it is very rich. See, too, Herder's second volume of "Ideas towards the Philosophy of the History of Mankind.”

The publications of the Oriental Translation Fund are also valuable, for the light they cast upon the literary and social history of the East.

(b) GRECIAN HISTORY.

Ancient Authors.-Herodotus on the Persian Wars, with many digressions on the history of other countries and of earlier ages; Thucydides on the Peloponnesian War, with a general survey of Grecian History, in his first book, down to that

war; Xenophon's Hellenica, from the close of the Peloponnesian war to the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 362; Diodorus Siculus (sixteenth book) and the Attic Orators on the period in-. tervening between B.C. 362 and the accession of Alexander; Arrian, Quintus Curtius, Diodorus, and Plutarch on the history of Alexander; Justin, Polybius, Plutarch, and Diodorus for the remaining periods.

Modern Authors.-Gillies and Mitford, from the earliest times to the death of Alexander; Gast, for the succeeding periods; Thirlwall's General History of Greece; Keightley's abridged Survey; Heeren's Researches on Ancient Greece; Böckh's Economy of Athens, and the German works of O. Von Müller and Wachsmuth, which have not been translated into English.

(c.) ROMAN HISTORY.

Ancient Authors.-Aurelius Victor on the Origin of the Roman People; Livy on the general History of Rome, from the earliest times down to 745 A.U.C.; Casar's Commentaries on the Wars in Gaul, &c.; Sallust on the Conspiracy of Catiline and the War against Jugurtha; Tacitus on Rome under the Emperors to the time of Vespasian, and on the Life of Agricola; Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ, or writers of Imperial History; Dion Cassius, Herodian, &c., &c., may also be consulted.

Modern Authors.-Niebuhr and Wachsmuth on the earliest periods; Ferguson's Roman Republic; Michelet's Republique Romaine; Gibbon, Crevier, Tillemont, and Heubler, and the Byzantine Historians, on the History of the Empire; Vertot's Revolutions in Roman History, and the able compilation from the later German historians, published as one of the numbers in Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopædia. It was republished by Carey and Lea in one volume 8vo (1837), under the "title "The History of Rome," and is very valuable as imbodying the researches of Niebuhr, Schlosser, Wachsmuth, Heeren, &c., &c.