(B.) MEDIEVAL HISTORY. See on this subject the first seven Lectures of Smyth on the Study of Modern History. Earlier Authors.-Gregory of Tours on the Ecclesiastical History of the Franks; Venerable Bede on Church History, translated into Saxon by Alfred the Great; Eginhard's Annals of the Franks, and Life of Charlemagne, to whom he was private secretary; Gulielmus Tyrius, one of the best historians of the Crusades, of which he was an eyewitness; Geoffrey of Monmouth, &c., &c.: see 2d part;* Sale's translation of the Koran; Philip de Comines, Froissart, Brantome, later Byzantine historians. Later Authors.-Hallam on the Middle Ages; Koch on do.; Sir F. Palgrave's History of the Anglo-Saxons; Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons; Churton's History of the early English Church; Prideaux's Life of Mohammed; Adam Smith on the Progress of Cities in the Middle Ages (in the 3d book of Wealth of Nations); Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws; Robertson's Charles V. (vol. i.); Guizot's Lectures on European Civilization (2d to 9th); Michaud's History of the Crusades, and Barante's History of the Dukes of Burgundy. (C.) MODERN HISTORY. General History of Europe. Earlier Authors. -Froissart's Chronicles down to 1400; Monstrelet from 1400-1467; Comines from 1464-1498; De Thou from 1545-1607; Burnet, History of his own Times from 1660-1689, with an introductory sketch, reaching back to 1603; Puffendorf's Introduction to the History of the principal Kingdoms and States of Europe. Later Authors.-Modern Universal History; Millot's Elements of General History; Von Müller's do.; Tytler's do.; Rotteck's do.; Schlosser's History of Europe in the 18th century; Russell's Modern Europe; Michelet's Elements of Modern History; Heeren's Manual; Raumer's History of the 16th *Of Handbook. and 17th centuries; Lord John Russell's Memoirs on affairs of Europe since the peace of Utrecht. Literary History.—Eichhorn's General History of Modern Literature in Europe; Bouterweck's History of Modern Poetry and Eloquence; Sismondi's History of the Literature of the South of Europe; Hallam's History of Literature; Mager's History and Character of the French National Literature; Ginguene's Histoire de la Litérature d'Italie; also Villemain's Cours, &c. PARTICULAR COUNTRIES. Earlier Authors are, Matthew Paris; Bacon's Life of Henry VII.; Lord Herbert's Life of Henry VIII.; Camden's Britannia and Elizabeth; Baker's Chronicle; Clarendon's Rebellion; Rapin's History of England from Julius Cæsar to the Revolution of 1688. Later Authors.-Hume, with the continuation of Smollett, Bissett, &c., &c.; Henry's History (for progress of the Arts, Learning, &c., &c.); Belsham's History; Adolphus's do.; Guizot's Reign of Charles I.; Villemain's History of Cromwell; Thierry's Norman Conquest; Lingard (an able historical champion of the Roman Catholics); Sir James Mackintosh's Fragment of English History. For a more extended course, see "Smyth's Lectures on Modern History," a work which cannot be too often recommended to the student. 2. Scotland and Ireland. Buchanan's History of Scotland; Robertson's do.; Stuart's do.; Plowden's History of Ireland; O'Connell's do.; Madden's History of the United Irishmen, and Thomas Moore's History of Ireland. 3. France. Earlier Authors.-Duchesne, Montfaucon, Davila, Voltaire, Mably, Sully's Memoirs, De Retz's do. Later Authors-Henault, D'Anquetil, La Cretelle, Michelet Capefigue, Sismondi, Mignet, Augustin Thierry, Amadée Thierry, Thiers, Barante, Guizot, Villemain. 4. Spain, Portugal, and Low Countries. Earlier Authors.-Mendoza, Ferreras, and Mariana for Spain; Grotius, Bentivoglio, and Strada for the Low Countries. Later Authors.-Gibbon in part, Robertson (Charles V.), Watson (Philip II., Philip III.), Prescott (Ferdinand and Isabella), Mrs. Calcott, Schiller, Southey's Peninsular War, Napier's do., Florian's History of the Moors, Laclede's History of Portugal. 5. Italy. Earlier Authors.-Platina, Politianus, Machiavelli, Guicciardini, Muratori. Later Authors.-Tiraboschi, Giannone, Daru, Botta, Sismondi, Bossi, Leo, Roscoe. 6. Germany.* Earlier Authors.-Tacitus (De Germania), Cæsar's Commentaries, Chronicles of Bishop Otho. Later Authors.-Pfeffel, Johannes Von Müller, Schmidt, Schiller, Raumer, Ranke, Coxe's House of Austria, Thiebauld (Frederic), Kohlrausch, Pertz's Fundamenta Historiæ Germaniæ, Grimm's German Antiquities. 7. North of Europe. Puffendorf's History of Sweden; Harte's Gustavus Adolphus; Voltaire's Charles XII.; Connor's History of Poland; Fletcher's do.; Palmer's Life of Sobieski; Castelnau's History of Russia; Barrow's Peter the Great; Tooke's View of Russia and Life of Catharine; Napoleon's Expedition to Russia (Ségur); Wraxall's Tour in Denmark; Andrews's History of the Danish Revolution; Crichton's and Wheaton's History of * The best history of Switzerland is Von Müller's. D Denmark; Williams's Rise, Progress, &c., &c., of the Northern Government; Steffen's History of Sweden; De Ségur's History of Russia. 8. American History. 1. General.-Earlier Authors.-Royal Society of Danish Antiquaries on the Ante-Columbian History of America; Hackluyt's Collections of Voyages touching the Discovery of America; Herrera's History; Ulloa's Voyage, Memoirs, &c.; Gumilla's Hist. de l'Orenoque; Cassani on Jesuits' Settlements in New Grenada; Rochefolt's Hist. d'Antilles; Dobrizzhoffer's Travels; Charlevoix's Hist. de la Nouvelle France and Travels; Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses; Colden's Five Nations; Mrs. Grant's American Lady; Kalm's Travels. Later Authors.-Oldmixon's British Empire; Burke's European Settlements in America; Wynne's General History of the British Empire in North America; Robertson's History of America; Southey's History of Brazil; Murray's British North America. 2. UNITED STATES.-Earlier Authors.-Morton's Memorial; Mather's Magnalia; Vanderdonck's Account of the New Netherlands; Winthrop's Journal; Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts; Smith's New-York; De Vries, De Laet, Acrelius's New Sweden, &c., &c. Later Authors.-Holmes's Annals; Belknap's New-Hampshire; Chalmers's Annals; Bancroft's History of the United States; Hinton's History and Topography of the United States; Grahame's History of do.; Pitkin's Political and Civil History; Marshall's Life of Washington; Lyman's Diplomacy of the United States; Digest of the Proceedings of the first four sessions of Congress; Botta's American Revolution; Almon's Register, Madison Papers, &c., &c., &c. As it may interest the student, Lord Mansfield's short plan for reading ancient history is added. "In the wide field of ancient history," says his lordship, "I have skipped over the rugged places, because I mean to lead you on carpet ground; I have passed over the unprofitable, because I would not give you the trouble of one step which does not lead directly to useful knowledge. Commence with Fleury, Du Choix de la Conduite des Etudes (§ 26 Histoire, § 31 Rhetorique); Cicero, De Oratore (lib. ii., § 51-63); De Legibus (lib. i., § 1, 2); De Officiis (lib. i., c. xxii., xxiii.); Dr. Priestley's Chart, and Playfair's Chronological Tables, for the duration and extent of the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman Empires, and the Goths and Vandals; various portions of Raleigh's History of the World, Xenophon, Thucydides, Tourreil's History, Preface to Demosthenes (book i., c. i., § 2-8). Over and over the speeches of Demosthenes, in the original, or a translation; Vertot's Roman Revolution (book xi., xii., xiii., xiv., throughout); Sallust; Montesquieu's De la Grand. et de la Decad. des Romains (c. ii., and xi.); Cicero's fourteen speeches against Marc Antony (the second, which cost him his life, is the only speech of length). When you have finished the above course in the manner proposed, go over the whole a second time, which, if you make yourself master of it the first time, need not cost you many days. The next thing in order is, that you have some notion of the history of the Roman Empire, from Julius Cæsar to the end of the 5th century. Read ch. xii. to xviii. of De la Grandeur des Romains et de leur Décadence, 'adding the chronology, and throwing on paper enlargements in particular parts; especially the grand epochas;' "Bishop Meavie's Disc. on Univ. Hist. Lit. de l'Empire Romain, 'to the end.' 'This," he concludes, "will give you a small map, sufficient at present. Reflect on the Roman imperial government, military and tyrannical, like the Turkish and Russian." On the study of modern history, "the best and most profitable manner,' ," his lordship adds, "appears to me to be this: first, to |