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take a succinct view of the whole, and get a general idea of the several states of Europe, with their rise, progress, principal revolutions, connexions, and interests; and when you have once got this general knowledge, then to descend to particulars, and study the periods which most deserve closer examination. The best way of getting this general knowledge is by reading the history of one or two of the principal states of Europe, and taking that of the smaller states, occasionally, as you go along, so far as it happens to be connected with the history of those leading powers, which you will naturally make your principal objects, and consider the others only as accessories."

2. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY.

"Whether an early habit of reflection, although obtained by speculative sciences, may not have its use in practical affairs."-BERKELEY'S QUE

RIST.

"If a man's wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences (i. e., be not subtile), let him study the schoolmen, for they are the Cymini Sectores."— BACON.

Ancient Authors.-Xenophon's Memorabilia, being an exposition of the philosophy of Socrates; the Dialogues of Plato, imbodying his Ideal or Spiritual Philosophy, especially his Phædo, Banquet, Cratylus, and the Republic; the Metaphysics, Ethics, &c., of Aristotle, imbodying his Sensuous Philosophy; Cicero's Academical Questions, being an exposition of the doctrines of the New Academy or Later Platonism; also his treatises, De Legibus and De Finibus, the one on the Philosophy of Jurisprudence, the other on the Chief Good and Ill of Man; his De Officiis, which has justly been called the heathen Whole Duty of Man; his Tusculan Questions on some branches of practical ethics; his De Amicitia and De Senectute; Seneca's Philosophical Writings; Diogenes Laertius on the Lives of the Philosophers. The works of Plotinus, Porphyry, &c., on the New Platonism of the Alexandrian School.

Medieval Writers.-John Scotus Erigena, Berengarius of

Tours, and the great Anselm of Canterbury, representatives of the first period of the Scholastic Philosophy (the period of Realism); Roscelinus, Abelard, Peter Lombard, John cf Salis. bury, representing the second period of Scholastic Philosophy (separation of Nominalism and Realism); Vincent of Beauvais, Bonaventura, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, belonging to the third period of the same Philosophy (Absolute Realism, and the union of the Church with Aristotelian Philosophy); Occam, &c., &c., belonging to the fourth and last period of Scholastic Philosophy (triumph of Nominalism, and separation of Theology and Philosophy).

Modern Writers.-Melancthon's Moral Philosophy, &c., &c.; Ramus's Logic; Gassendi's works, reviving and modifying the Epicurean Philosophy; Bacon's Novum Organum, &c., &c.; Des Cartes's Discourse upon Method, Meditations, and Principia; also his Logic, lately published by Cousin; Hobbes's Leviathan; Gale's Court of the Gentiles; Cudworth's Intellectual System; Malebranche's Search of Truth; Arnauld's Art of Thinking, and True and False Ideas; Pascal's Thoughts; Spinoza's Ethics; Locke on the Understanding; Stillingfleet's Criticism of Locke; Butler's Analogy, &c.; Berkeley's Minute Philosopher, &c.; Leibnitz's Tracts; Edwards on the Will; Reid's Essays; Smith's Moral Sentiments; Stewart's Elements, Essays, &c.; Brown's Philosophy; Mackintosh's History of Ethical Philosophy; Cousin's Psychology; Jouffroy's Essays; Kant's Criticism of Pure Reason, with Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling; Tenneman's History of Philosophy; Brucker's or Enfield's do.; Epitome of the History of Philosophy, translated from the French by C. S. Henry; and Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences.

3. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY.

"And for matter of policy or government, that learning should rather hurt than enable thereunto is a thing very improbable. We see it is accounted an error to commit a natural body to empiric physicians, which commonly have a few pleasing receipts, whereupon they are confident and adventurous, but know neither the causes of diseases, nor the complexions

of patients, nor peril of accidents, nor the true method of cures. We see it is a like error to rely upon advocates or lawyers, which are only men of practice, and not grounded in their books; who are many times easily surprised when matter falleth out besides their experience, to the prejudice of the cause they handle: so, by like reason, it cannot be but a matter of doubtful consequence if states be managed by empiric statesmen, not well mingled with men grounded in learning. But contrariwise, it is almost without instance contradictory, that ever any government was disastrous that was in the hands of learned governors."-BACON.

1. Theoretical Politics.-Plato's Republic; Xenophon's Cyropædia; Aristotle's Politics; Machiavelli's Prince and Discourses on Livy; Anti-Machiavelli of Frederic the Great; Languest's Vindicia contra Tyrannos, Mariana' De Rege et Regis Institutione; Hobbes's De Cive and Leviathan; Buchanan's De Jure Regni; Bodin's Republic; More's Utopia; Grotius's De Jure Belli et Pacis; Puffendorf's Elements; Locke's two Treatises on Government; Harrington's Oceana; Sidney on Government; Rousseau's Contrat Social; Salmasius's Defensio pro Carolo I.; Answer by Milton; Milton's ready and easy way to establish a free Commonwealth; Wolf's Jus Nature; Ferguson on Civil Society; Hume's Essays; Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws; Chas. Compte on Legislation; Bentham on Morals and Legislation; Dahlman's Politics (German); Livingston's Introduction to the Louisiana Code; Lucas on Common Law; and Beccaria on Criminal Law.

2. International Law and Relations. — Rutherford's Institutes (as well as Grotius, Puffendorf, &c., &c.); Vattel's Le Droit des Gens; G. F. Von Marten's Precis du Droit des Gens Moderns de l'Europe, and Diplomatic History; Charles Marten's Causes Célébres du Droit des Gens; Koch's Abrégé de l'Histoire des Traités de Paix, &c., &c., in Europe; Cours de Style Diplomatique; Wheaton's Law of Nations.

3. Constitutional Law.- Sismondi's Etudes sur les Constitutions; R. Constant on Constitutions; La Croix's Constitutions of the Principal States of Europe and of the United States; Von Marten's Collection of the most important Fundamental Laws (German); Dumont on Legislation; Fritot's

Science of the Publicist (French); The Federalist; Adams on the American Constitutions; Story on the Constitution of the United States; Madison Papers, &c., &c., &c.

Political Economy.—Stuart's Inquiry (an exposition of the Mercantile System); Quesnay's Tableau Economique, &c., &c. (an exposition of the Agricultural System); Turgot's Recherchées sur les richesses, &c., &c.; Smith's Wealth of Nations; Say's Political Economy; Storch's Cours d'Economie Politique; Sismondi's Nouveaux Principes; and Franklin, Hamilton, Ricardo, Malthus, Senior, Whateley, M'Culloch, &c., &c., &c.

4. POLITE LITERATURE.

"No doubt the philosopher, with his learned definitions, be it of virtues or vices, matters of public or private government, replenisheth the memory with many infallible grounds of wisdom, which, notwithstanding, lie dark before the imagination and judging power, if they be not illuminated or figured forth by the speaking picture of poesy."-SIR P. SIDNEY.

Our limits will permit us to notice only some of the leading English writers.

Earlier Poets.-Chaucer, Gower, Wyatt, Surrey, Spenser, Daniel, Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, Drayton, Beaumont and Fletcher, Waller, Milton, Cowley, Dryden, Otway.

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Later Poets. Prior, Swift, Congreve, Addison, Young, Pope, Gay, Thomson, Johnson, Shenstone, Collins, Akenside, Goldsmith, Cowper, Crabbe, Burns, Rogers, Wordsworth, Scott, Coleridge, Southey, Lamb, Campbell, Byron, Shelley, Mrs. Hemans, Milman, Joanna Baillie, Tennyson. Earlier Prose Writers.-Sir Thomas More, George Herbert, Sir P. Sidney, Selden's Table-Talk, Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, Bacon's Essays, Hooker, Evelyn, Sir W. Raleigh, Jeremy Taylor, Hall, Barrow, South, Howe, Baxter, Dryden's Prefaces, Sir William Temple, Lady Russell's Letters, Cowley, Howell's Letters.

Later Prose Writers.-Addison, Steele, Swift, Gay, Pope, Bolingbroke, Richardson, Warburton, Hurd, Gray, Blair,

Walpole, Cumberland, Mackenzie, Burke, Hazlitt, Godwin, Walter Scott, Southey, Coleridge, Dennie, Ames, Wirt, Channing.*

5. MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE.

"If a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again."-BACON.

"As tennis is a game of no use in itself, but of great use in respect it maketh a quick eye, and a body ready to put itself into all postures; so in the mathematics, that use which is collateral and intervenient is no less worthy than that which is principal and intended."-BACON.

A few authorities, who may be considered as classics, are mentioned.

Earlier Writers.-Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus's De Orbium Cælestium revolutionibus, Kepler's Astronomia nova, Pascal, Halley, Wallis, Huygens, Newton, Leibnitz, Des Cartes.

Later Writers.-Euler, D'Alembert, Lalande, Maclaurin, La Grange, La Place, Young, Gauss, Le Gendre, Herschel, Playfair, Simpson, Leslie.

In

Good Elementary Works for the Beginner.—In Arithmetic, Davies, Perkins, and Colburn. In Algebra, Davies, Perkins, and Bourdon. In Geometry, Brewster's Le Gendre and Trigonometry, or Playfair's Euclid. In Conic Sections, Jackson. In Analytical Geometry, Davies and Le Gendre. Descriptive Geometry, Monge or Davies, Davies's Shades and Shadows. In Differential and Integral Calculus, Davies. In Pure Mechanics, Boucharlat. In Physical Mechanics, Whewell, Moseley's Illustrations, Lardner's Hydrostatics. In Physics, Bache's edition of Brewster's Optics, Bartlett's Optics, Fisher's Physics, Daniell's Introduction. In Astronomy, Biot, Norton, Herschel, Arago or Olmstead. Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences.

* In this, the next, and several other departments, we omit living writers.

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