uses of letters in written words, the instructor will require the student to master the following exhaustive, though simple, analysis. Analysis of the word Salve.—The word salve, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of three oral elements; så v-salve. [Here let the student utter the three oral elements separately, and then pronounce the word.] The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic.1 The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The third is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The word salve, in writing, is represented by five letters; salve-salve. S represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the first oral element of z; hence, it is a cognate of z. A represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. I is silent. V represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labiodental. Its oral element is formed by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of f; hence, it is a cognate off. E is silent. Analysis of the word Shoe.-The word shoe, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of two oral elements; sho-shoe. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The word shoe, in writing, is represented by four letters; shoe-shoe. The combination sh represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. The analysis logical. It will be seen that this analysis is strictly logical; and that each conclusion is deduced from two premises, one of which (the major proposition) is suppressed. The first syllogism, fully Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the second oral element represented by z; hence, it is a cognate of z. The combination oe is formed by the union of two vowels, one of which is silent; hence, it is an improper diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by ô; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of ỏ. Analysis of the word Fruit-bud.-The compound word fruit'-bud is a dissyllable, accented on the penult. In pronunciation, it is formed by the union of seven oral elements; frot'- båd-fruit'-bud. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The third is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The fourth is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The fifth is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The sixth is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The seventh is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic. The word fruit-bud, in writing, is represented by eight letters; fruit-bud. F represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labio-dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of v; hence, it is a cognate of v. R represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. The combination ui is formed by the union of two vowels; hence, it is a diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by ô; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of 8. Trepresents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. Its oral element is produced by the same organ and in a similar manner as that of d; hence, it is a cognate of d. B represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lips; hence, it is a labial. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of p; hence, it is a cognate of p. U represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. D represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the tongue; hence, it is a lingual. Its oral element is produced by the same organ and in a similar manner as that of t; hence, it is a cognate of t. IX. RULES IN ARTICULATION. AS the name of a letter, or when used as an emphatic word, should always be pronounced a (a in age); as, She did not say that the three boys knew the letter ā, but that ȧ boy knew it. 1 2. The word A, when not emphatic, is marked short (ă),1 though in quality it should be pronounced nearly like a as heard in åsk, gråss; as, Give ǎ baby sister å smile, ǎ kind word, and ǎ kiss. 3. The, when not emphatic nor immediately followed by a word that commences with a vowel sound, should be pronounced thŭ; as, The (thů) peach, the (thů) plum, the apple, and the (thu) cherry are yours. Did he ask for a pen, or for thē pen ? 4. U preceded by R.-When u long (u in tūbe), or its alphabetic equivalent ew, is preceded by r, or the sound of sh, in the same syllable, it has always the sound of o in do; as, Are you sure that shrewd youth was rude? 1A initial.-A in many words, as an initial unaccented syllable, is also marked short (ă), its quantity or volume of sound being less than that of a sixth power (å), as in ǎlås, ămåss, ǎbåft. 5. R may be trilled when immediately followed by a vowel sound in the same syllable. When thus situated in emphatic words, it always should be trilled; as, He is both brave and true. She said scratching, not scrawling. X. EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION. ILENT letters are here omitted, and the words are spelled as they should be pronounced. Students will read the sentences several times, both separately and in concert, uttering all the oral elements with force and distinctness. They will also analyze the words, both as spoken and written, and name the rules in articulation that are illustrated by the exercises. 1. It must be sō. 2. Thů bōld båd báis brōke bōlts ånd bårz. 10. Arm it with rǎgz: à pigmi strâ wil pērs it. 11. Nou set thŭ tẽth ănd strěch fhů nostril wid. 12. He wŏcht and wěpt, he felt ånd prad får ål. 13. Hiz iz, ămidst thủ mists, mězerd ăn ăzer ski. 14. Thŭ whālz wheld and wherld, and bård fhår bråd, broun băks. 15. Jilz ănd Jāsn Jönz kăn nót sẽ—Arör, alis, ămås, mănnå, villå, når Lūnå. 16. Thů strīf sēsĕth, pēs approchěth, and thů gûd mặn rejäisěth. 17. Thŭ shröd shröz båd him sã thắt thủ vil viksnz yūzd shrugz, ănd shårp, shril shrēks. 18. Shỏrli, thô winděd, thủ proděnt rekrôt wid not et that kröd fråt. 19. Amidst fhů mists ånd kōlděst frosts, with bårěst rists and stoutěst bōsts, he thrusts hiz fists ǎgĕnst thŭ posts, and still insists hẽ sẽz thủ gōsts. 20. A starm arīzeth in thủ sẽ. A moděl věssěl iz struggling amidst thŭ wâr ŏv ělěměnts, kwĭvering ănd shivering, shringking and battling lik ǎ thingking being. Thŭ mêrsĭlės, răking wherlwindz, līk frītfül fēndz, houl ǎnd mon, and send shårp, shril shrēks thrỗ thŭ krēking kârdăj, snapping thŭ shets and måsts. Thů stěrdi sālärz wěther thủ sěverest stirm of thủ sẽzn. 21. Chast-id, cherisht Ches! Thu chårmz Ŏv thĩ chekerd chamberz chan me chanjlěsli. Chamberlinz, chăplinz, ǎnd chansellârz håv chânted thi chĕrobik châisněs. Cheftinz hăv chānjd thủ chăriot and thủ chās får fhů ches-bōrd ǎnd thu charming chårj ov thu ches-nīts. 22. No chiling cherl, nō chẽting chǎffërer, no chăttëring chānjling kăn bè thì chīzn chămpion. Thou art thủ chāssner ov thủ chÅrlish, thủ chīděr of thủ chānjǎbl, thu cherisher Ŏv thu cherfül and thu chărităbl. 23. Får the år thủ chăplěts ov chānlěs chăriti and thu chălis ov childlik cherfülněs. Chānj kăn nót chānj thẻ: from childhůd to thŭ chârněl-hous, from our fêrst childIsh cherpingz tô thu chilz ov thu cherch-yård, thou årt our chēri, chānjlěs cheftĭněs. XI. PHONETIC LAUGHTER. LAUGHTER, by the aid of Phonetics, is easily taught, as an art. It is one of the most interesting and healthy of all class exercises. It may be either vocal or respiratory. 2. There are thirty-two well-defined varieties of laughter in the English language, eighteen of which are produced in connection with the tonics; nine, with the sub |