ing, and leaving the questions we are concerned with just where they were. For it is still to ask: whence this rich endowment of matter? Whence comes that of which all we see and know is the outcome? That to which potency may in the last resort be ascribed, Prof. Tyndall, suspending further judgment, calls mystery-using the word in one of its senses, namely, something hidden from us which we are not to seek to know. But there are also mysteries proper to be inquired into and to be reasoned about; and, although it may not be given unto us to know the mystery of causation, there can hardly be a more legitimate subject of philosophical inquiry. Most scientific men have thought themselves intellectually authorized to have an opinion about it. "For, by the primitive and very ancient men, it has been handed down in the form of myths, and thus left to later generations, that the Divine it is which holds together all Nature;" and this tradition, of which Aristotle, both naturalist and philosopher, thus nobly speaks-continued through succeeding ages, and illuminated by the Light which has come into the world-may still express the worthiest thoughts of the modern scientific investigator and reasoner.
1 Παραδέδοται δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαίων καὶ παμπαλαίων ἐν μύθου σχήματι καταλελειμένα τοῖς ὕστερον, ὅτι περιέχει ΤΟ ΘΕΙΟΝ τὴν ὅλην φύσιν.— Arist. Metaphys., xi. 8, 19.
Accident incidental to design, 154–157.
Agassiz, L., view of species, 19, 16, 163,
191, 200; how he diverges from Dar-
win, 16, 117, 120, 199; correspondence
of his capital facts with Darwin's, 19;
theory theistic to excess, 14, 20-22,
154, 200; relation of tertiary to exist-
ing species, 49, 110; on age of Florida,
100; on prophetic types, 116; on in-
telligence of animals, 172; on destruc-
tion of species, 120; on geological
time, 100, 162; on design in Nature,
154-156.
Alaska, Sequoia fossil in, 228.
Aldrovanda, insectivorous, 322.
Analogy, use of, by Darwin, 47, 105; in
proof of design, 365.
Argyll, Duke of, on creation by law, 275.
Aristotle, his definition of Nature, 389;
his theistic view of Nature, 390.
Atheism, relations of Darwinism to, 55,
5S, 69, 138 sq., 154, 258, 266 sq., 269, 270,
279, 379; to doubt ordinary doctrine
of final causes not atheistical, 138.
Augustine, St., on the method of crea-
tion, 357.
Austin, Mrs., on the California pitcher-
plant, 330.
Bacon, Lord, view of Providence, 144.
Baird, Prof., on variation in the birds of
North America, 244.
William, on
Beech, species of, now extending their
limits, 186.
Bentham, on the derivative hypothesis,
236, 242.
Bible, does not determine the mode of
creation, 131, 291; a mirror of Provi-
dence, 142; interpretation of, partly a
matter of probabilities, 261.
Billiard-balls illustrate the proof of de-
sign, 62-64, 69-74, 77.
Birds, instinct of, 171.
Bladderwort, insectivorous, 323.
Boomerang, illustrating the method of
proving design, 72.
Breeding, thorough, 30; tendency of, to
reversion, 341; close, evil effects of,
854.
British flora, discrepancy of views re-
garding, 84.
Broccoli, origin of, 111.
Brongniart, Adolphe, on distribution of
species in tertiary period, 114.
Brown, Robert, scientific sagacity of,
etc., 284-289.
Budding, propagation by, relation of, to
deterioration of varieties, 341.
Butler, Bishop, definition of natural,
61, 160, 259, 269.
Butterwort, insectivorous, 325; diges
tion of, 325.
Cabbage, origin of, 111.
California, gigantic trees of, 207, see Se-
quoia; general characteristics of flora
of, 208, 218; unlike that of the Atlantic
coast, 217.
Canby, observations of, on sundew, 293,
300, 322; on Sarracenia, 330.
Catastrophes in geology, 120.
Cattle, origin of breeds of, 111; increase
of, in South America, 89, 117; exist-
ence sometimes dependent on insects,
Cauliflower, origin of, 111.
Caulophyllum, and relatives, dispersion
of, 222.
Cause, efficient, three theistic views of,
158-168.
Cedar, species of, 188.
Chair, classification of, 167.
Chance, not admissible, 42, 55, 59, 68,
76-84, 147, 153, 168, 170, 235.
China, relation of flora of, to that of
North America, 214 89.
Classification, difference of opinion upon,
34; expresses judgments, not facts,
35, 122, 184, 203, 289; expresses only
the coarser gradations, 126, 142; see
Species, and Gradation.
Climate, as affecting the numbers of a
species, 40; acts indirectly, 41; of the
north in early periods, 114, 224.
Climbing-plants, 331-337; feel as well as
grow, 332; comparative advantage of
their habits, 334; cause of motion, 336.
Cobbe, Frances Power, on the relation
of God to the Universe, 234.
Cohn, Prof., on Utricularia, 324.
Complexity of Nature, 41.
Competition sharpest between allied
species, 42.
Condor, rate of increase, 39.
bypothesis
based on, 52, 54, 76, 84, 86; mingled
with design, 274.
Continuity of Nature, 123, 190, 234, 258,
273, 289, 323, 381, 879.
Creation, three views of, theistic, 158,
$57.
Cretaceous flora, relation of, to present
flora, 233.
Cross-breeding, essential to longevity
and vigor of species, 33, 346, 354.
Curtis, Rev. Dr., M. A., his account of
Dionæa, 293.
Cuvier, on the part animals have to play
in nature, 356.
Cypress, the bald, relation of, to Sequoia,
213, 225, 230.
Darwin, Charles, standing as a naturalist,
133, 283 sq., 287, 297; how his view of
species differs from the ordinary views,
13, 16; how from Agassiz's view, 16,
117, 129; summary of arguments, 36,
109-116; his distinctive work, 37, 61,
273, 308-309, 327, 337; where his argu-
ment weakest, 47, 169; where strong-
est, 121; his candor, 169, 286; harmo-
nizes teleology and morphology, 52
121, 234, 247, 288, 322, 837, 357, 875;
does not deny creative intervention,
61, 93, 143, 149; does not sneer at the
doctrine of design, 139, 140; never de-
pended exclusively on natural selec-
tion, 104; view of instinct, 173; no
atheistical intent, 258, 268-270, 274;
experiments with Dionra, 294, 321.
Darwinism, still an hypothesis, 53 sq.,
119, 128, 135, 179, 274; compatible with
atheism, but not inconsistent with
theism, 54, 130, 159, 258, 279, 379; more
compatible with theism than the the-
ory of gravitation, 55, 235; relation to
teleology, 57, 84-86, 121, 145, 151-152,
176, 234, 247, 258, 271, 272, 288, 337,
357; premonitions of, 88, 94, 238; re-
lations to Lyell's geological theorles,
103, 109, 110; objections to, 168-177;
argument for, from the distribution of
the species of the oak, 190; as stated
by Wallace, 191; present attitude of
naturalists to, 234, 236-251, 279; im-
plications of, regarding the indefinite
vitality of species, 348.
Darwinian Teleology, accounts for abor-
tive and useless organs, 371; for the
apparent waste of Nature, 376, 377; for
imperfections and failures, 378.
Dawson, on derivation of species, 236,
246.
De Candolle, Alph., on the oak, 178;
definition of species, 201, 202; deriva-
tion of species, 186, 200, 236, 239; on
multiple origin of species, 191, 239.
De Candolle, conception of the struggle
for existence, 37.
Des Hayes, on gradation of species in
the tertiary period, 49, 110.
Design versus Necessity, 62-86; distin-
guished from purpose, 358, 359; how
proved, 70-76, 84, 150-152, 168, 301,
362, 365, 371; natural selection a
substitute for it, 69; can never be de-
monstrated, 70, 365; method of proof
illustrated by pump, 71; by boome-
rang, 72; by movement of billiard balls,
62-64, 69-74, 77; by the eye, 79–84;
by machinery, 85, 278; may act
through variation and natural selec-
tion, 148, 247, 272, 275, 288; evidence
of, complete in the individual, 151, 364,
366; all Nature a manifested design,
152, 153, 176, 274, 337, 379; manifest in
insectivorous plants, 300, 301, 314, 322;
in climbing plants, 335, 336; consistent
with three views of efficient cause, 158
ff, 272; not disproved by negative in-
stances, 369, 370, 380.
Dionæa, account of, 291-295, 320; digests
animal food, C19, 321.
Diseases, contagious, relation of, to nat-
ural selection, 241.
Divergence, how produced by natural
selection, 91.
"Division of labor " in the organic world,
43, 91.
Dogs, of diverse origin, 27.
Domestication, effect of, upon variation,
26, 29, 32, 184, 889, 340.
D'Orbigny, on destruction of species, 120.
Drosera, 291, 295-301, 810; sensitiveness
of, 312, 317.
Dubuque, address of Professor Gray at,
205.
Effect, as result of complex canses, 62-86.
Elephant, possible rapidity of increase,
38; Falconer on, 193-196.
Embryology, 118.
Equilibrium of natural forces, 41, 42.
Evolution and theology, 252-265.
Evolutionary hypotheses should be the-
istic, 176, 199, 279, 381, 889, 390.
Evolutionary teleology, article on, 359-
390.
Extinction of species, not by cataclysms,
Eye, formation of, 59, 60; illustrating
design, 79-84.
Falconer, on the affinity of the mammoth
with the elephant, and the bearing
of the facts on Darwinism, 193-196.
Fertilization of plants, contrivances for,
846, 375-377.
Final causes, see Teleology.
Flounder, see Pleuronecta.
Flower, Prof., on the derivative hy-
pothesis, 236, 243.
Fly-trap, see Dionæs.
Forbes, Edward, on the dispersion of
species, 191.
Fulmar petrel, the remarkable increase
of, 39.
Gaston de Saporta, Count, on the origin
of tertiary species, 197, 193.
Genealogical tree, 17.
Herschel, Sir John, on the relation of
God to Nature, 275.
Hilaire, Geoffroy St.-, opposition of, to
teleology, 356.
Hooker, Dr. J. D., on Nepenthes and
Sarracenia, 381.
Genesis, the account of creation in, 131, Hume, on proof of design in Nature, 363.
261, 265.
Genus, difficult to define, 184, 204.
Geology, incompleteness of record, 48,
169, 263.
Ginseng, common to America and North-
ern Asia, 222.
Glacial period, as accounting for the dis-
tribution of species, 114, 115, 224; effect
of, on mammoth and elephant, 193-196.
Glyptostrobus of China, relation to Se-
quoia, 214, 225, 230.
God, relation of, to Nature, 54, 5S, 144-
168, 199, 234, 257, 275; to the universe,
59; his presence required in a long
process of adaptation as well as in a
short one, 60, 149 sq., 234, 256; imma-
nence in Nature, 61, 159; his thoughts
eternal, yet manifested in succession,
167; veracity of, in the works of Na-
ture, 371.
Goeppert on the antiquity of Taxodium
distichum and other plants, 228.
Gradation, from tertiary species down-
ward, 34, 101, 114, 115, 200; extent of,
in fossils of consecutive formations, 48;
between the tertiary and the present,
49, 110, 112; principle of, in organic
Nature, 128, 129; between plants and
animals, 124, 289, 808, 309, 323; ungu-
lata, 243; towards individuality, 125;
coarser in systems of classification than
in Nature, 126, 142, 184, 289; in climb-
ing plants, 335; in insectivorous plants,
327; of, in the species of oak, 180, 203;
between the cretaceous and tertiary
formations, 197.
Grady, Mr. B. F., on lure in Sarrace-
nia, 303, 305.
Greenland, fossil plants of, 231.
Grafting, effect on longevity of a species,
341 ff.
Grisebach, Prof., on geographical distri-
bution of species, 229.
Hayden, on fossil Sequoia in the Rocky
Mountains, 228.
Henslow, Rev. George, on evolution and
theology, 252, 256.
Heer, on origin of species, 192; on the
antiquity of Taxodium and other spe-
cies, 227 89.
Hobbes, theory of society, 87, 89.
Hodge, Dr. Charles, on evolution and
theology, 253, 257-261; on Darwinism,
269-283.
Horses, increase of, in South America,
89, 117; a former species existed in
South America, 118.
Hybrids, 50; how to test sterility, 51;
sterility of, 175.
Hypothesis, domain of, 108, 119, 131, 132,
250, 259,260.
Increase, rate of, in elephants, 38; among
cattle and horses in South America,
39, 117, 118; causes affecting, 40.
Individuality, attained gradually, 125,
343; not fully attained by plants, 344.
Inductive science, domain of, 14, 95;
limitation of, 47; process of, 23, 70
8q., 98, 101, 107, 108, 112, 201, 202, 244,
250; Darwin's method conformable
to, 37, 103, 111, 113, 114, 115, 119, 122,
244, 260; postulates the veracity of
Nature, 371.
Inheritance, more mysterious than non-
inheritance, 29; the only known cause
of likeness in living species, 227.
Insects, agency of, in fertilization, 287.
Insectivorous plants, 289-308; and climb-
ing, 308, 337.
Instinct of animals, 171; of the Talegal,
171.
Intelligence of the higher animals, 172–
Intention, see Design.
Interbreeding, when close, diminishes
vigor and fertility, 32, 287.
Ivy, Poison (Rhus Toxicodendron),
common to America and Japan, 221.
Jackson's "Philosophy of Natural The-
ology," 363.
Japan, relation of flora to that of North
America, 215 8q.; Grisebach on, 226.
Jussieu, A. L., definition of species, 163,
201.
Kingsley, Rev. Charles, on "Evolution
and Theology," 299, 282.
Knight, Andrew, on effect of budding,
341-343.
Kohlrabi, origin of, 111.
Lamarck, his theory of transmutation,
23, 52, 171.
Le Conte, Prof. Joseph, on religion and
science, 252, 262.
Leibnitz charges Newton with subvert-
ing natural theology, 187, 258.
Lesquereux, on fossil Sequoia, 229, 232;
on the relation of present flora to that
of the cretaceous age, 238.
Libocedrus, distribution of, 230.
Lindley, on the persistence of varieties,
338.
Linnæus, definition of species, 12, 201;
diagnosis of the three kingdoms of
Nature, 308.
Lyell, Sir Charles, on the imperfection
of the geological record, 48; on gra-
dation of species in later formations,
49, 110; theory of geological changes,
103, 109; acceptance of Darwinism, 238.
Macbride, Dr. James, observations on
Sarracenia, 304.
Machinery, does not dispense with de-
sign, 85.
Malthus, on struggle for existence, 37, 89.
Mammoth, Falconer on, 193–196.
Man, separation of, from the quadru-
mana, 50; mental power of, not
necessarily acquired, 59; may be an
exception to the rule, 92, 93, 256;
unity of origin, 99, 176; antiquity of,
100.
Materialism, philosophy of, rejected, 126,
158, 174; note, 176, 235, 250.
Mellichamp, Dr., on pitcher plants, 329.
Mill, J. S., on creation by intelligence,
361, 374.
Morphology, 52, 121, 122; reconciled
with teleology, 121, 288.
Mysteries, of natural operations, 53, 158,
317, 318, 327; of Providence and Na-
ture the same, 153; in the action of
sundew, 312, 317; in similarity of off-
spring to parents, 383; proper to be
inquired into, 390.
Nature, definition of, 61, 160, 259, 269,
389; theistic views of, 158-168, 249,
257, 390; see Continuity of; veracity
of, 370.
Natural history, province of, 209, 260,
268.
Natural selection, 34, 89; method of op-
eration, 44; a very expansive prin-
ciple, 273; supposed recent illustra-
tions of its effect, 45; still an hypoth-
esis, 54, 135, 274; not inconsistent with
natural theology, 87 89., 187 89., 255,
272, 386; how it produces divergence,
43, 91; not disproved by special mirac-
ulous exceptions, 93; not the exclusive
cause of modification, 104, 195, 337,
386; extent of operation, 104-109, 273;
not to be confounded with variation,
195.
Natural theology unshaken by physical
science, 22, 53, 84, 89, 95, 137, 150, 151,
152, 259, 337.
Naudin, Charles, views regarding the
evolution of species, 349 8q.
Nectarine, origin of, 111.
Necessity versus design, 62-86; how re-
lated to Darwinism, 69, 75.
Nettle-sting, an example of the natural
production of a complex organ, 387.
Newberry, on the antiquity of Sequoia,
230, 232.
Newton, Sir Isaac, charged with sub-
verting natural theology, 137, 259.
North America, botany of, 206; former
climate of, 224; birds of, 244.
Novelties, difficult to accept, 87, 103, 247.
Oak, De Candolle on, 178, 203; Linnæus
on, 187; as illustrating the origin of
species, 179; a waning genus, 186;
dispersion of species, 188; in the Ter-
tiary deposits, 189; waste of pollen in,
388.
Objections to Darwinism, philosophical,
135; absence of close gradation, 47,
63; distance of man from quadru-
mana, 50; hybridism, 50, 51; special-
ization of organs, 52; novelty, 87, 103,
Optimism, absurdity of, 141.
Orchids, fertilization of, 287.
Ostrich, increase of, 39.
Owen, Prof., evolutionary tendencies of,
68, 102 (134, 136?) 238.
Paley, on teleology, 52, 57,
Pantheism, 55, 58.
Paraguay, relation of insects to cattle
in, 41.
Parsimony, law of, 360 (see Continuity
of Nature).
Peach, origin of, 111.
Perfection, relative, 141.
Phyllotaxis, law of, 196.
Pictet on Darwinism, 105, 108, 109, 112,
127; on geological time, 162.
Pigeon, known extent of variation, 27;
why chosen for experiments, 28; re-
version of, 31.
Pinguicula, insectivorous, 325.
Pitcher Plant, see Sarracenia.
Plants, insectivorous and climbing, 289–
308, 308-337.
Pleuronecta, facts concerning, 372, 383.
Presumption against novelties, 87, 131,
132.
Probability, how far a guide, 47, 107, 260;
an element in scriptural interpreta-
tion, 260.
Progress in the succession of organic
beings, 115 sq., 118.
Providence, mysteries of, compared with
those of Nature, 58, 142, 177; Lord
Bacon's view of, 144.
Pump, as illustrating the proof of de-
sign, 71.
Purpose, see Design; distinguished from
design, 359.
Rape, or Colza, origin of, 111.
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