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enough to arouse any real enthusiasm. For a time LaFollette seemed to stir the public in the Middle West, and the philosophical radicals all over the country worked themselves up into something like a political fever over him, but the great mass of voters failed to respond. Calvin Coolidge refused to go on the stump, and he made very few speeches of any sort. Davis conducted a dignified campaign, although he sometimes displayed irritation at his inability to force his Republican opponent into a debate.

In the final vote LaFollette carried nothing but his own state of Wisconsin, with its thirteen electoral votes. Davis carried the "solid South," and only one state, Oklahoma, in addition, with a total of 136 electoral votes. Coolidge swept the North and West by tremendous majorities, getting 382 electoral votes. The popular vote ran close to 29,000,000, of which Coolidge got about 15,500,000, Davis 8,500,000, and LaFollette 4,500,000. The Republicans likewise secured a clear majority over the combined Democratic and radical opposition, in both houses of Congress.

In view of LaFollette's reiterated charges that the Republicans were raising a "slush fund" to defeat him, it is interesting to compare the figures as given with those of other campaigns. The Republicans raised about $4,000,000, the Democrats $750,000, and the La Follette Progressives about $200,000. Allowing for the decrease in the value of money since 1896, the Republican figure would be approximately equal to, or smaller than, that reported by Mark Hanna in the first McKinley campaign, and it was considerably less than the amount spent in 1920.

Observers had been prepared by the Literary Digest poll to expect a Coolidge victory, but few had foreseen anything so decisive and complete. The Republicans made a remarkable recovery from the losses of the Congressional elections of 1922. The reasons for their success are not entirely clear. In part it was due to Democratic weakness; Davis, a compromise candidate, failed to win the combined support of the McAdoo and Smith factions. Then La Follette involuntarily contributed to it. His avowed purpose of transferring enough votes from Coolidge to deadlock the electoral college seems to have inspired the conservatives to unite, and make that outcome impossible. Without doubt Butler's talents as manager, organizer, and director of publicity had an important effect on the outcome. Newspaper correspondents referred to the rise in the price of farm

products, especially wheat. Crop failures elsewhere meant a larger demand for American wheat, and with the return of prosperity to the West political discontent disappeared. When times are good, the West is always Republican. Finally there is the personality of the President himself. There is no doubt that he had captured the imagination of the country. People liked his lack of affectation, the absence of pose, his indifference to mere show. They believed that he was honest himself, and that he would not tolerate dishonesty in others. If there was a "Coolidge myth," as some of his critics asserted, it was widespread and most profitable. Everyone knew that Coolidge would do nothing spectacular, and they liked him all the more for that. Voters who considered Wilson quixotic found Coolidge "safe." Neither La Follette nor Davis could convince the country that "a vote for Coolidge is a vote for chaos." To the millions who voted for him his election meant a comfortable rest from disturbing schemes of reform.

The optimism of the business world after the election was revealed in a remarkable volume of trading in the stock exchanges. Signs were visible in many places indicating a wave of unusual prosperity, which would bring success to any administration. The country is still faced with the serious problems which have caused unrest for years, but the state of mind is more favorable at least for a cheerful consideration of them than at any time since 1913.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

The following lists, one for each chapter, are designed to suggest additional reading in connection with subjects referred to in the text. The works referred to present American History from the point of view of modern scholarship. With few exceptions, they should be easily accessible. Where more extensive reading is desired, students may be referred to Channing, Hart, and Turner, Guide to the Study of American History, and to the excellent bibliographies in the volumes of the American Nation series. In arranging the titles, text-book and similar short references are placed first.

I. EUROPEAN BACKGROUND

Becker, C., Beginnings of the American People, ch. I. Greene, E. B., Foundations of American Nationality, ch. 1. Abbott, W. C., Expansion of Europe, I, chs. I-IV, VI. Cheyney, E. P., European Background of American History, chs. I, II, IV, V. Channing, E., History of the United States, I, ch. I. Bourne, E. G., Spain in America, chs. I-III. Hayes, C. J. H., History of Modern Europe, vol. I.

II. ANGLO-SPANISH RIVALRY

Becker, C., Beginnings of the American People, 17-57. Greene, E. B., Foundations of American Nationality, ch. II. Abbott, W. C., Expansion of Europe I, chs. XIIIXIV. Channing E., History of the United States, I, ch. V. Bourne, E. G., Spain in America, chs. XIII, XX. Tyler, L. G., England in America, ch. II. Semple, E. C., American History and Its Geoographic Conditions, ch. I. Prescott, G. H., The Conquest of Mexico. Prescott, G. H., The Conquest of Peru.

III. VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND

Greene, E. B., Foundations of American Nationality, chs. III-IV. Channing, E., History of the United States, I, chs. VII, VIII, IX. Tyler, L. G., England in America, chs. III-VIII. Andrews, C. M., Colonial Self-Government, chs. XIII-XV. Wertenbaker, T. J., Virginia under the Stuarts, chs. I-VIII. Osgood, H. L., The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, I, part I, chs. II-IV; III, chs. VIII and IX. Mereness, N. D., Maryland as a Proprietary Province.

IV. PLYMOUTH AND MASSACHUSETTS BAY

Greene, E. B., Foundations of American Nationality, ch. V. Tyler, L. G., England in America, chs. IX-XIII. Andrews, C. M., The Fathers of New England, chs. I, II, IV. Channing, E., History of the United States, I, chs. X-XIII. Adams, J. T., The Founding of New England, chs. I-VII. Osgood, H. L., The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, I, Part II. Cheyney, E. P., European Background of American History, ch. XII. Ellis, G. E., Puritan Age and Rule in Massachusetts Bay. Usher, R. G., The Pilgrims and their History. Walker, W., Calvin. Walker, W., Congregational Churches, chs. I-IV.

V. THE EXPANSION OF NEW ENGLAND

Greene, E. B. Foundations of American Nationality, ch. VI. Tyler, L. G., England in America, chs,, XIV-XV, XVIII. Channing, E., History of the United States, I, chs. XIII-XV. Andrews, C. M., The Fathers of New England, chs. III-VIII. Adams, J. T., Founding of New England, chs. VIII-XIV. Osgood, H. L., The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, I, Part II, ch. X. Adams, C. F., Three Episodes of Massachusetts History, I, 362–532. Ellis, G. E., Puritan Age in Massachusetts, chs. VIII-XII. Jones, R. M., Quakers in the American Colonies, I, esp. chs. I-V. Richman, I., Rhode Island, A Study in Separatism.

VI. ENGLISH COLONIZATION AFTER 1660

Greene, E. B., Foundations of American Nationality, chs. VII-VIII. Channing, E., History of the United States, II, chs. I, II, IV. Andrews, C. M., Colonial SelfGovernment, chs. V-XII. Osgood, H. L., The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, II, chs. IX-XI. McCrady, E., South Carolina, 1670–1719, chs. I-XV. Fisher, S. G., The Quaker Colonies, chs. I-V, VIII, X.

VII. NEW ENGLAND vs. ENGLAND, 1660-1689

Greene, E. B., Foundations of American Nationality, 186-205. Channing, E., History of the United States, II, chs. VI-VII. Andrews, C. M., Colonial Self-Government, chs. III-IV, XVI-XVII. Andrews, C. M., Fathers of New England, chs. IX-XI. Adams, J. T., The Founding of New England, chs. XII, XIII, XV-XVII. Kimball, E., Joseph Dudley, chs. I-III. Barnes, V. F., The Dominion of New England.

VIII. THE BRITISH COMMERCIAL SYSTEM

Greene, E. B., Foundations of American Nationality, pp. 178–186, ch. XI. Channing, E., History of the United States, II, chs. VIII-IX. Andrews, C. M., Colonial SelfGovernment, chs. I-II. Beer, G. L., Old Colonial System, I, chs. I-V. Beer, G. L., Origins of British Colonial Policy, chs. XI-XII. Osgood, H. L., The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, III, chs. V-VII. Greene, E. B., Provincial America. Egerton, H. E., British Colonial Policy, Bk. II, chs. I-IV. Dickerson, O. M., American Colonial Government. Root, W. T., Relations of Pennsylvania with the British Government, chs. I-VI.

IX. THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

Greene, E. B., Provincial America, chs. V, XII, XIII. Greene, E. B., The Provincial Governor, ch. VIII-IX. Channing, E., History of the United States, II, ch. X. Harlow R. V., History of Legislative Methods before 1830, chs. II, III. Pownall, T., Administration of the Colonies. Osgood, H. L., The American Colonies in the Eighteenth Century.

X. THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLONIES

Greene, E. B., Provincial America, chs. XVI, XVII. Andrews, C. M., Colonial Self-Government, ch. XIX. Channing, E., History of the United States, II, ch. XVII. Andrews, C. M., Colonial Commerce, Am. Hist. Rev., XX, 43-63. Bruce, P. A., Economic History of Virginia, 2 vols. Morison, S. E., Maritime History of Massachusetts,

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