row of the world, which worketh death. It is styled a grace, because it is the free gift of God, and is wrought in the heart by the operation of his Spirit. "Then hath God also to the Gentiles granted repentance unto life." Acts xi. 18. "Turn thou me, and I shall be turned; surely after that I was turned, I repented." Jer. xxxi. 18, 19. This repentance is also denominated an evangelical grace, to distinguish it from legal repentance. The latter flows from a dread of God's wrath; the former, from faith in God's mercy. In the latter, the sinner is chiefly affected with the punishment to which his sin exposes him; in the former, he mourns for his sin as offensive and dishonouring to God. Cain and Judas repented, but it was on account of the consequences of sin to themselves; whereas the true penitent mourns after a godly sort, with a godly sorrow, or a sorrow which directly regards God. 2 Cor. vii. 9, 10.

That the doctrine of repentance is to be preached by every minister of the gospel, as well as that of faith in Christ, is asserted in opposition to a gross heresy of the Antinomians, who maintain that repentance ought not to be preached by any minister of the gospel; alleging that it leads us away from Christ, and proves most hurtful and dangerous. How opposite is such a sentiment to the example and command of Christ himself! He preached the doctrine of repentance to those who attended his public ministry. "Repent," said he, "and believe the gospel." Mark i. 15. And in the instructions which he delivered to the apostles, when he commissioned them to preach the gospel, it was expressly enjoined that" repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name among all nations." Luke xxiv. 47. The apostles, accordingly, inculcated the necessity of repentance both on Jews and Gentiles. Acts ii. 38; iii. 19; xiv. 15. The apostle Paul speaks of "repentance from dead works" as one of the first principles of the doctrine of Christ; and when giving a summary of his doctrine before the elders of Ephesus, he comprehends the whole under the two great articles of repentance and faith: "Testifying both to the Jews, and also to the Greeks, repentance towards God, and faith towards our Lord Jesus Christ." Heb. vi. 1; Acts xx. 21. A sinner is the only subject capable of repentance. Christ "came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance;" and he intimated that "just men need no repentance." But "all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God."

Repentance, therefore, must be universally necessary. "God now commandeth all men everywhere to repent; and Jesus Christ, the faithful and true witness, has solemnly declared Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish." Acts xvii. 30; Luke xiii. 3.

1. True repentance springs from a sight and sense of sin. All men will readily acknowledge; in general terms, that they are sinners; but no man can have a clear sight and a feeling sense of his sins, until the Holy Spirit becomes his teacher. It is his work to convince of sin. John xvi. 8. This he does by means of the law; for " by the law is the knowledge of sin." Rom. iii. 20. When the Spirit enlightens the mind of the sinner to discern the purity, spirituality, and vast extent of the divine law, he sees sin to be "exceeding sinful." He views it as not only dangerous, but as odious in itself, on account of its contrariety to the holy nature and righteous law of God.

2. True repentance flows from an apprehension of the mercy of God in Christ to such as are penitent. Had we reason to regard God as an inexorable judge, we might, like Adam, attempt to flee from his presence, and escape the sword of his avenging justice; but never would we return to him as sincere penitents. Blessed be God, we have the firmest grounds on which to rest our faith of his pardoning mercy. He has proclaimed his name as "The Lord, the Lord God, merciful and gracious, forgiving iniquity, and transgression, and sin." Exod. xxxiv. 6, 7. The wicked is invited to "forsake his way, and return unto the Lord," encouraged by the assurance that " he will have mercy upon him, and will abundantly pardon." Isa. lv. 7. "Jesus Christ is set forth to be a propitiation. through faith in his blood;" "through his name is preached unto us the forgiveness of sins;" and we are assured, "that through his name whosoever believeth in him shall receive remission of sins." Rom. iii. 25; Acts xiii. 38; x. 43. Now, it is an apprehension of mercy of God in Christ, by faith, that melts the heart into penitential sorrow for sin. Of so generous a nature is evangelical repentance, that the penitent soul is never so deeply humbled and grieved for sin, as when it has reason to hope that a gracious God has freely forgiven it. This generous temper is assigned to the true penitent in the sacred Scriptures: "Thou shalt remember, and be confounded, and never open thy mouth any more, because of thy shame,

the

when I am pacified toward thee, for all that thou hast done, saith the Lord God." Ezek. xvi. 63.

With regard to the order of faith and repentance, it may be remarked, that we can form no conception of a moment of time when the one exists in the soul separate from the other. In point of time, then, faith and repentance necessarily accompany each other; but in the order of nature, faith must precede repentance. Evangelical repentance is a turning from sin to God; but there can be no turning to God, except through Christ; and no coming to Christ, but by believing in him. John xiv. 6; vi. 35. Besides, evangelical repentance. flows from love to God; but the exercise of unfeigned love to him proceeds from the exercise of true faith. 1 Tim. i. 5. Add to this, it is only by looking on Him whom we have pierced, that we can mourn after a godly sort, according to that remarkable promise, "They shall look on me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him." Zech.xii. 10. There is, indeed, a conviction of the person's guilt and misery, accompanied with a kind of sorrow for sin, and resolutions to forsake it, because it exposes him to everlasting punishment, which, in the nature of things, must précede the exercise of faith in Christ; but this is very different from evangelical repentance.*

3. True repentance includes grief, or deep contrition. and godly sorrow for sin. There is a false sorrow, which many mistake for the genuine. Many are grieved for their sin, merely on account of the punishment it is likely to bring upon themselves; and those who are most deeply affected with this kind of sorrow, if they succeed in allaying their fears, often return to a course of sinning with greater freedom and impetuosity than before. But the sorrow of a true penitent is for sin as committed against God; as rebellion against his rightful authority; as a violation of his holy. law, and as a most base, ungrateful return for all his goodness. Ps. li. 4.

4. True repentance includes hatred of sin, not only as that which exposes us to death, but as hateful in itself, as the abominable thing which God hates, and as that which renders us vile and loathsome in his sight. If this hatred of sin is genuine, it will lead us to loathe and abhor our

* Boston's Miscellany Questions, Quest. 3; Colquhoun's View of Saving Faith, p. 393; Wilson's (of London) Sermons, p. 390; Anderson's (of America) Precious Truth, p. 180; Black's Sermons, p. 87.

selves, and it will extend to all sin in ourselves and others. Job xliii. 6; Ezek. xxxvi. 31; Jer. xxxi. 19; Ps. cxix. 128, 136.

5. True repentance includes a turning from sin unto God, with a sincere purpose, and endeavour to walk with him in all the ways of his commandments. This is the crowning act and the grand test of genuine repentance. Paul preached both to Jews and Gentiles "that they should repent and turn to God, and do works meet for repentance." Acts xxvi. 20. True penitents forsake sin, with a firm resolution to have no more to do with idols. They are con verted from the love as well as the from practice of sin. They particularly guard against those sins to which they were formerly most addicted, and before whose influence they are most ready to fall. Ps. xviii. 23. They assiduously watch against all occasions of sin, and earnestly long for complete deliverance from it. They return to God as their rightful Lord and Master, resolving, in dependence upon his grace, to "serve him in holiness and righteousness all the days of their lives." They form a steady and unshaken purpose in their hearts, and sedulously endeavour, by watchfulness and diligence, in the constant use of all means, to avoid all sin, and to practise universal holiness. It is not meant that true penitents have attained to sinless perfection; for "there is no man that liveth and sinneth not." They will, therefore, find occasion every day for the renewed exercise of repentance. All tears will not be wiped from their eyes until all sin is perfectly removed from their souls.

SECTION III-Although repentance be not to be rested in, as any satisfaction for sin, or any cause of the pardon thereof, which is the act of God's free grace in Christ; yet is it of such necessity to all sinners, that none may expect pardon without it.7

* Ezek. xxxvi. 31, 32; xvi. 61-63.
6 Hos. xiv. 2, 4. Rom. iii. 24. Eph. i. 7.

* Luke xiii. 3, 5. Acts xvii. 30, 31.

EXPOSITION.

1. In opposition to the Romanists, who make satisfaction. one of the essential parts of repentance, and conceive that certain acts or penances, performed by an offender, consti

tute a compensation for his transgression, in consideration of which it is forgiven; and also in opposition to Socinians, who deny the atonement for sin by the death of Christ, and maintain that repentance is the only atonement required; our Confession asserts, that repentance is not to be rested in as any satisfaction for sin, or a cause of the pardon thereof. It has already been shown, that it must always be the duty of every sinner to repent; now, the discharge of a present duty can never atone for past crimes. Repentance is never supposed to be a legal ground for remitting the punishment due to crimes committed against a civil State. How unrea

sonable, then, to suppose that it can form a sufficient ground for the pardon of sin as committed against God! Christ has fully satisfied the justice of God by the sacrifice of himself, and his blood alone cleanseth us from all sin. 1 John i. 7. To us the pardon of sin is wholly gratuitous-" an act of God's free grace in Christ"-and, if it be of grace, then it is no more of works; and, therefore, not by repentance, as á satisfaction for sin.

2. True repentance and pardon are inseparably connected. Though no one is pardoned for his repentance, yet repentance is of such indispensable necessity, that an impenitent sinner cannot be a pardoned sinner. They are connected in the economy of salvation, not as cause and effect, but to show the consistency of a gratuitous pardon with the interests of holiness. For any government to acquit a crimi nal, and restore him to society without some evidence of a change of disposition, would be little else than granting him a license to commit crimes with impunity. But if this would be unworthy of a human, how much more of the divine government! God, for the vindication of the honour of the plan of mercy, has so connected pardon with repentance and confession, the expression of repentance, that they are the only certain evidences that we are in a pardoned state; while pardon and repentance are equally the gift of God through Jesus Christ our Lord."

SECTION IV.—As there is no sin so small but it deserves damnation; so there is no sin so great that it can bring damnation upon those who truly repent."

• Rom. vi. 23; v. 12. Matt. xii. 36.
* Stevenson on the Offices of Christ, p. 244.

Isa. lv. 7. Rom. viii. 1. Isa. i. 16, 18.