of Colonel Johnson's regiment: "It would be useless to pass encomiums on Colonel Johnson and his regiment. Veterans could not have manifested more firmness. The colonel's wounds prove him to have been at the post of danger. Lieutenant Colonel Johnson and Majors Payne and Thompson were equally active."

These gallant Kentucky cavalrymen were not the only Kentuckians who won the praise of the commanding officer. After evincing his high appreciation of the services rendered him by Capt. Charles S. Todd, General Harrison says, and again a quotation is made from Smith: "I am at a loss how to mention the merits of Governor Shelby, being convinced that no eulogium of mine can do them justice. The governor of an independent state and greatly my superior in years, in experience and in military fame, he placed himself under my command and was not more remarkable for his zeal and activity than for the promptitude and cheerfulness with which he obeyed my orders. Major Generals Henry and Desha, and Brigadier Generals Allen, Caldwell, King, Chiles and Trotter, all of the Kentucky volunteers, manifested great zeal and activity. Of Governor Shelby's staff, Adjutant General McDowell and Quartermaster General Walker rendered great services, as did his aides, General Adair and Majors Barry and Crittenden."

Going back to the results of this battle, it may be stated that in addition to the loss of Tecumseh, an irreparable one, the Indians were driven away by a force of not one-third their number and that every member of this force was a Kentucky volunteer. So great was the victory won by General Harrison that the shattered tribes sent messengers to him begging for peace. He, on the principle of fighting the devil with his own fire, had engaged certain Indians in his service with the rigid restriction that they should observe the rules of civilized warfare and indulge in none of the murderous excesses which had marked

the career of Proctor and his fellow-savages. Others of the Indians now came seeking service under him, but none were received who would not accede to the severe terms he had prescribed.

The victorious Kentuckians, after the success that had attended their service, returned to their homes crowned with the sense of a duty well performed, and were mustered out of the service.

There was little more of service for Kentucky troops in the north after this, with one exception. The Pottawottomie Indians did not seem to know when they were whipped and showed an inclination to continue in the service of the English government. Ohio and Kentucky were called upon for five hundred men each to teach these Indians the pleasantness of the paths of peace. Kentucky responded with seven companies of volunteers, under the command of Major Peter Dudley, who joined the body of troops commanded by General McArthur, who forthwith marched into Canada into which he penetrated some two hundred miles, having almost daily skirmishes with the enemy. Finally, he struck a force of about five hundred men whom he attacked and dispersed, with a loss to the enemy of one hundred and sixty, killed, wounded and prisoners. Having accomplished this complete success, the volunteers returned to Sandwich, where the enlisted men received honorable discharges. They had not met the Pottawattomies against whom they were supposed to proceed, but by a military diversion against others of the enemy, they had won a success which taught the Pottawattomies a useful lesson and that tribe no longer disturbed them. General McArthur generously awarded praise to Majors Todd and Dudley and Captain Bradford for the excellence of their service in this short campaign.

The English, despite their use of the savage tribes in the north and northwest, had steadily lost in some important engagements. It is

true that Hull had ignominously surrendered to them and that Winchester, by his strange failure to throw out videttes, had permitted the enemy to surprise him, but we had won some victories nevertheless when General Harrison came upon the scene. Harrison made no mistakes, no surrenders. If there was fighting to be done, he was there on the spot and ready to do it. If a retreat was to be made, he conducted it without permitting it to become a rout. In a word, he was a soldier who knew his business and when he joined hands with bluff old Governor Shelby, of Kentucky, there was no English general who was their equal, and neither of them knew the meaning of the word defeat. When they put their forces and their heads together things began to happen with a celerity which surprised and demoralized the enemy.

The eyes of the country now turned to the south, as England had been whipped everywhere else and there needed but one more victory to convince our English cousins that their room was better than their company on this continent. And they did not have to wait long for the lesson. They had won a great victory at Waterloo, assisted as usual, by the forces of another country; Napoleon had taken up his residence at St. Helena, and for the first time since the beginning of his meteoric career England was able to take a free breath. She had the scourge of Europe safely cooped up, and from him no longer feared reprisals. She would send over to America the troops who had successfully met the French at Waterloo-Blucher and his Germans helping them-and speedily reduce the Americans to a state of subserviency. That was the plan of the British cabinet, but they reckoned without their host. There were some people on this side of the Atlantic who had not been consulted and who held views diametrically opposed to those of the cabinet. They also held guns with which to enforce those views.

The English troops who had taken and burned Washington, were to proceed to New Orleans, there to be joined by the victors of Waterloo. This was a beautiful scheme, had it worked out as arranged by the English cabinet, but there was a failure in the plans and England suffered yet another humiliation.

When the plans of the English became known, the war department ordered twentyfive hundred Kentucky militia to join the Georgia and Tennessee recruits as reinforcements for General Jackson at New Orleans, thus increasing his force of regulars and volunteers from Louisiana and the Mississippi territory to about fourteen thousand men.

New Orleans, then as now, had a population largely composed of people of Spanish and French blood. These people had never taken kindly to the possession of Louisiana by the United States. The French avowed allegiance to the crown of France, while it was believed that the Spaniards would declare sympathy with the English. There were but a few Americans, comparatively speaking, in the city, but these were loyal to their country. The legislature which was in session was thought to be disloyal to the United States and was taking no steps for the protection of the city of New Orleans against the threatened invasion by the English. But there was a strong body of citizens who welcomed the coming of General Jackson and gave him a moral support which was of great value in the trying days which confronted him.

By the latter days of November, the Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia militia which had been ordered to the support of General Jackson, were en route down the river. The Kentucky forces were under the command of Gen. John Thomas, whose adjutant general was John Adair, a trained and gallant soldier, who should have been in command by reason of his experience in the field and the splendid record he had made.

General Jackson, late in November, trans

ferred his command from Mobile to New Orleans, reaching the latter place about December 1, 1814. He at once began preparations for defense and was fortunate in having the governor of Louisiana order the organized militia to his support, several bodies thereof being already in the field at the time of his arrival at New Orleans. Guards were posted by General Jackson at all points by which it was expected the coming enemy would attempt to reach the city. New Orleans is vulnerable to attack from many directions, owing to the deep water of the various bayous which surround it, most of which lead into Lake Pontchartrain which lies in its rear. But General Jackson was on the ground in advance of the enemy and omitted no defensive operations along any of these waterways.

The hostile fleet made its appearance on the 12th of December, making its rendezvous, with forty sail, at Ship Island, off Bay St. Louis, whence, if unopposed, it could make its way, to Lake Pontchartrain and attack the city from the rear. Lieutenant Jones, in command of the American naval forces, was attacked by a flotilla of the enemy largely outnumbering him. The action which lasted for about two hours, was a very bloody one, the enemy losing about three hundred men. The American loss was but five killed and thirty wounded. Among these latter were Lieutenants Jones and Lockyer. These gallant young officers had been under fire before at Valparaiso where the gallantry of themselves and the men under their command, had added new laurels to the American navy.

That portion of the population of New Orleans which was loyal to the American cause, was alarmed by the result of this engagement. The English army was not far away and the last barrier to its approach and capture of the city seemed to be now swept away. Jackson had four thousand men for the defense of the city, three thousand of whom were volunteers and with these he had to meet and, if possi

ble, defeat the best trained soldiers of England.

General Jackson was not a soldier to hesitate; he knew the conditions surrounding him and met them as a soldier should. Fearing that steps might be taken by the civil authorities which would interfere with his plans for the protection of the city against the enemy, he placed New Orleans and its immediate surroundings, under martial law. The word "fearing" was used at the beginning of the preceding sentence. It was incorrect, for it is not on record that General Jackson ever feared anything. "Anticipating" would more properly describe the feeling which prompted the issue of his order. Those who sympathized with the plan of defense approved the order; those who did not, and there were many of these, were careful not to make publicly known their opposition. The order was drastic in its terms. All persons entering the city were required to report their arrival to the adjutant general of the army; those leaving the city must have a passport from the military or naval authorities. All lights on the city streets were required to be extinguished by nine o'clock in the evening, and those persons found abroad after that hour were under suspicion as spies. All male persons within the limits covered by the order were forced into the service and required to join either the land or naval forces.

There will be those who read these words who will esteem these orders as harsh and infringing on the rights of the citizen. But in the midst of arms, the laws are silent. Το such as would too harshly criticize these orders of General Jackson, it may only be necessary to call attention to conditions existing in Louisville in 1862, when the Confederate army under command of General Bragg threatened to occupy the city. Citizens were forced at the point of the bayonet, to assist in the construction of fortifications; their horses were taken from the carriages containing the fe