choice of seventy-six Union men as representatives, and twenty-four States Rights' men. In the senate, where under the constitution but one-half of the members of that body were elected, the other half holding over from the election two years before, there was a Unionist majority of sixteen. If this were not enough to dispel the theory of neutrality, the battle of Bull Run, Virginia, fought July 21, 1861, and which was so disastrous to the Union forces, must have shown every sensible person that a war was pending, and that no one state could prevent its ravages.

The die was cast, and Kentuckians who had hoped against hope that war might be averted, now saw that they must make their choice, and there was no hesitancy upon their part. At Jeffersonville, Indiana, recruiting stations were opened and thither flocked the young Kentucky Unionists who were speedily enrolled by Lovell H. Rousseau, a Kentucky lawyer of distinction, who was later to become a major general of volunteers, subsequently a member of congress, and later still a brigadier general in the United States army, in which latter position he died.

Those Kentuckians whose sympathies were with the south, and there were many thousands of them, seeing that neutrality was a barren ideality, turned their faces to the recruiting camps in Tennessee, and singly, by couples, scores and companies, swelled the volume of the Confederate forces. Kentucky's distinguished sons showed the pathway to these enthusiastic young men. John C. Breckinridge, late vice-president of the United States, resigned his position as United States senator from Kentucky and cast his sword in the scale for the south. The senate, notwithstanding his resignation of membership in that body, subsequently went through the childish performance of resolving that "John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, is hereby expelled from this body." Expletives were cheap in those days and many people used them without knowing their meaning. The

term "traitor" was in common every-day use, but after the war had ended, no Federal court ever determined its meaning as applied to those who had favored the cause of the south. William Preston, who had served in congress and as minister to Spain, went with the south and was later a major general of its armies, and for long years afterwards one of Kentucky's, honored citizens; Humphrey Marshall, long in congress and the first commissioner of the United States to China, became a Confederate brigadier general, and subsequently a member of the Confederate congress, where he was serving at the close of the war; Simon Bolivar Buckner, a graduate of West Point, who as a very young soldier, had won much distinction in the war with Mexico, and after his retirement from the army, had rendered effective service as inspector general of the Kentucky State Guard, became a lieutenant general in the Confederate army and, after the peace, was the able and efficient governor of Kentucky. At this writing, he is the sole surviving officer of his rank in the Confederate army and has the pleasure of knowing that his only son, Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr., like himself a graduate of West Point, is rendering soldierly service to his country in the Philippines. In 1896, General Buckner was the nominee of the Gold wing of the Democratic party for vice-president on the ticket with Gen. John M. Palmer, of Illinois, a brother Kentuckian and a native of Scott county.

Roger W. Hanson, a lawyer of high repute, who had been a gallant soldier with the Kentucky volunteers in Mexico, became colonel of the Second Kentucky Confederate infantry; was promoted to be brigadier general, and fell at the head of the Orphan Brigade at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, December 31, 1862, his command of Kentuckians being subsequently characterized by Gen. Joseph E Johnston as "the best brigade in the Confederate army."

John S. Williams, as captain of a company

of Kentuckians, had won such honor in the war with Mexico as to be thereafter known as "Cerro Gordo" Williams. He became first a colonel and later a brigadier general coumanding Kentucky cavalry in the Confederate army. After the war, he was a United States senator.

Ben Hardin Helm was a graduate of West Point and the brother-in-law of President Lincoln, they having married sisters. He had resigned from the army and was practicing law in Louisville when the war began. Mr. Lincoln was anxious to have his services and tendered him a commission in the army, in an arm of the service which would not require him to meet the soldiers of the south in actual conflict. The offer was declined and Helm was subsequently commissioned as colonel of the First Kentucky Cavalry of the Confederate army, an excellent regiment which saw much hard service and harder fighting to the very close of the war, serving as a portion of the escort of President Davis from Charlotte, North Carolina, to Washington, Georgia, at which place it surrendered. on May 9, 1865, exactly one month after the surrender at Appomattox. Colonel Helm was promoted to be brigadier general in 1862; was severely wounded at the battle of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and fell at the head of the First Kentucky Brigade of Infantry (The Orphan Brigade), which he commanded at the battle of Chickamauga, September 20, 1863. His remains were brought home to Kentucky and reinterred in the family burial ground near Elizabethtown, just twenty years from the date of his death.

John C. Breckinridge, before referred to, was a major in a Kentucky regiment, organized for service in the war with Mexico; had represented the famous Ashland district in congress; had served from March 4, 1857, to March 4, 1861 as vice-president of the United States; had been the nominee of the southern wing of the Democratic party for president in 1860, and elected as a senator in

congress in 1861. He became a brigadier general and later a major general in the Confederate army, rendering high and gallant service in the field in many battles, and at the close of the war was secretary of war of the Confederate States.

George W. Johnson, of Scott county, a gentleman of much distinction and influence, though he had never sought office, was elected provisional governor of Kentucky, and soon afterwards fell bravely fighting in the ranks of a Kentucky regiment at the great battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862.

John H. Morgan had seen service in Mexico, and as the commander of a squadron of Confederate cavalry inaugurated a practically new system of cavalry warfare which kept his opponents awake at all hours of the day and night. The trouble the enemy had with Morgan was that nobody ever knew what he was going to do next. The only absolute certainty was that he would be doing something, no matter where he might be. His favorite hunting ground was in the rear of the Union lines where he constantly created disturbances, burning bridges, tearing up railroad tracks, capturing supply trains, and destroying government property. His command grew in importance and he was finally promoted to be a brigadier general, and in 1864, major general. He met his death through treachery at Greeneville, Tennessee, in 1864.

With Morgan was a young Kentuckian, his brother-in-law, who was practicing law in St. Louis when the war began, but who was to make his mark broad and true before it had ended. This was Basil W. Duke, who entered the service as a lieutenant and surrendered at Washington, Georgia, as a brigadier general.

These are but preliminary sketches of some of the prominent Kentucky men who followed the fortunes of the south. More will be said of them and of other Kentuckians in the two armies as these pages proceed.

Kentucky's soldierly honor roll by no means

General Grant's movement having been made September 1st. On the 5th of September the Federal forces occupied Paducah and other points in Kentucky. Gen. Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame, was ordered to the command of the Federal forces in Kentucky. On September 20th, the legislature passed an act directing the governor to call out 40,000 Kentuckians to repel the invasion by armed forces of the Confederate government. No notice was taken of the armed Union forces at Camp Dick Robinson.

Neutrality had flown away as chaff before the wind. Thereafter, Kentucky was considered by the Federal authorities as a territory which could be entered at will and held as long as the Confederates did not drive out the Union forces. There was a sentiment existing in the non-combattant force which gravitated to the ruling power and this brought recruits to the recruiting station at Camp Dick

Robinson. Many of the men who flocked thither made subsequently good soldiers and on many battlefields bravely upheld the honor of the state, though, in doing so, they more than once confronted their equally brave opponents from Kentucky. No other war of modern times has had so pathetic a condition as this. At Shiloh, when the fighting had ended, Federal soldiers searching among the killed and wounded, found their brothers dead upon the field in the Confederate uniform. Can one, in these days of peace, imagine what a condition such as that must have meant to the brave men who wore the blue uniform of the United States forces or the gray of the Confederates? "The horrors of war" is a tame expression; it was the very hell of war which confronted these gallant Kentucky boys who offered up their lives in defense of their respective opinions.

Prior to this time, those who had wished to join the armies of the Confederacy had done so without let or hindrance, but conditions had changed and to reach the southern lines required diplomacy and the utmost care. Men went south singly or on small squads; such a thing as the easy passage of an entire company southward was no longer known. Home guards, armed with guns sent from northern arsenals, were formed in every county and while they formed no strong obstacle to the organized bodies of Confederates with whom they occasionally and so far as they were concerned, accidentally came in. contact, they made dangerous the passage southward of recruits for the southern army. But by no means did they prevent the movements of those recruits. It became the rule for these latter to travel by night from the home of some southern sympathizer, who acted as their guide, to the home of another of like sympathies, where they would remain in hiding during the day and proceed again at night with their last host as a guide. In this manner thousands of men made their way from Kentucky into Tennessee and Virginia, there to enlist in the Confederate army. A gentleman, who many years afterwards held

a high position in the service of the government of the United States, owed his safe progress through the lines of the Union army into those of the Confederates to a Kentucky woman who, mounted behind him on his horse, guided him through the mountain fastnesses in the darkness of night, never leaving him until he had successfully passed the Confederate outposts, after which she bravely made her way homeward on foot.

The men who braved the mountain passes in daylight marches were confronted by the "bushwhacker," whose sympathy for the Union was strong enough to lead him to fire from behind a tree upon a man whom he chose to class as an enemy, but was not equal to bringing him to a recruiting office where he could don a uniform and thereafter meet his enemy upon an equal footing. Some of these "bushwhackers" at a later period of the war, met a fate they had little expected in the earlier days of their experience. On the retreat of the Confederate army under General Bragg from Kentucky, in 1862, seventeen of them, who had been especially obnoxious and active, hanging on the outskirts of the line of march and firing at will upon the troops, were captured and incontinently hanged to a tree