succeeded by Senator James F. Robinson, an excellent and able man.

Governor Magoffin retired as governor and, under the operation of law, Senator Robinson succeeded him. Governor Robinson was in full accord with the Federal government in relation to the war, but he was "a conservative and just man, of high position and character," such as Governor Magoffin had described in his letter of resignation. Though it cannot be stated as a positive historical fact, there is little doubt that the gubernatorial succession had been arranged previous to the writing of Governor Magoffin's resignation and that he, and the principal members of those representing opposing political opinions, had an understanding as to the succession before his letter was written.

Gen. Jere T. Boyle, a Kentuckian of the highest character and an able man, was at this time in command of the military district of Kentucky. Under his control of military affairs, the pressure upon those who sympathized with the south had been severe, but not marked with the brutal cruelty which was later to be inflicted upon them by another who was also a Kentuckian, but of a far different type. Many men had been arrested and imprisoned upon bare suspicion. It was these men to whom Governor Magoffin referred in his letter as having been "subjected to unexampled persecution." It is believed, at this day, that these arrests had for their object the forcing of the governor's resignation and that he correctly concluded that with him out of the executive chair and its new occupant a sympathizer with the Federal authorities, these persecutions would cease in large measure. That his conclusions were largely correct was shown by an order, issued on the date of Governor Robinson's assumption of his new duties, by Col. Henry Dent, the provost marshal at Louisville, who directed that no further arrests for political reasons should be made except for causes contained in Gen

eral Boyle's Order No. 4, and then the causes for an arrest should be set forth specifically and supported by the affidavits of one or more responsible persons. Hitherto, a bare suspicion of alleged disloyalty had been sufficient to cause the arrest and imprisonment of many of the foremost citizens of the state. Provost marshals had often acted upon their own responsibility in making arrests and it seems, also, for their own financial advantage, as is shown by General Boyle's order directing that provost marshals, who, directly or indirectly, took money from persons arrested, in the shape of fees for oaths, bonds or otherwise, should be arrested and brought to his headquarters. There was an immediate relaxation of the rigors of the situation, under these orders, and men felt free to breathe once more without incurring the danger of arrest by men clothed with a little brief authority. In the stress of those days of warfare, there were many who imputed improper motives to General Boyle, but the facts do not bear out the imputation. War is a peril to soldier and citizen alike, though in different degrees, and it is not to be wondered at that the people of Kentucky, accustomed to a peaceful pastoral life, felt very keenly the difference between the quietude of peace and the stress of war, and were prone to ascribe the evils that befell them to the commander and his soldiers who enforced strange, new regulations upon them. and enforced them at the bayonet's point and within prison cells.

But the relief afforded by General Boyle's orders was but temporary. After a short period, now to be referred to, the burden was again to be borne by those Kentuckians who sympathized with the southern cause. In the latter part of the summer of 1862, Gen. Kirby Smith led his command of 15.000 Confederates into Kentucky through Big Creek Gap in the Cumberland mountains, his objective point being the Blue Grass region of the state. General Bragg lay at Chattanooga with 30,000

Confederates; General Stevenson, with 5,000 troops, was south of Cumberland Gap and General Humphrey Marshall, with 3,000 men, was along the Virginia line near by. With his cavalry and detached bodies of troops, General Bragg had perhaps 50,000 men under his command when he undertook his movement upon Kentucky. General Buell, who was to oppose him, had 40,000 troops under his command in middle Tennessee; General George W. Morgan was in Cumberland Gap with 8,000 men, and there were 20,000 available Federal troops in Kentucky. The state was about to learn the full value of neutrality when it ran counter to the march of hostile armies.

Morgan and his cavalry were in the rear of the Federal army, skirmishing daily and sometimes engaging in some real fighting. Gen. R. W. Johnson, a Kentucky officer in the Federal army, was sent out to capture Morgan and destroy his command. He made the effort but failed, losing nearly two hundred of his men killed and wounded and being made a prisoner himself. This was a very gallant struggle upon the part of the two contestants, but the audacity of Morgan, Duke and their gallant followers, was too much for the brave Johnson and his men who had come out so confident of victory, only to return defeated. Morgan captured a train of cars, set it on fire and ran it into a tunnel near Gallatin, Tennessee, causing such damage to the tunnel as could not be repaired for many weeks. It was conduct like this that made Morgan and his men so unpopular on the Federal side of the lines.

Col. John Scott, of the First Louisiana cavalry, commanding a brigade of cavalry, formed the advance guard of the little army under Gen. Kirby Smith which was moving through the mountain region of Kentucky toward the rich Blue Glass section.

He was

met and attacked by Col. Leonidas Metcalfe, commanding a regiment of Kentucky Federal cavalry, whom he defeated, the latter losing

fifty men killed and wounded. General Smith, detaching certain forces as precautionary measures, pressed rapidly forward toward Richmond, Kentucky. Richmond, Kentucky. The detached forces left him but 7,000 men, but these were veterans upon whom he had every reason to depend. pend. At Big Hill, in Madison county, on August 29th, he was met by a Federal force of 8,000 men, under command of General Manson of Indiana. Heavy skirmishing ensued during the day without any particular advantage to either force. On the following morning, General Manson very gallantly marched out his entire command and attacked General Smith. The attack and resistance were alike spirited, resulting in severe losses on each side. Three times were the Federals driven back, and twice they were rallied and renewed the attack. The third time they broke in confusion and a disastrous retreat followed, from which it was impossible to rally them. Gen. William Nelson, who within a month was to lose his life at the hands of one of his own officers, is said to have ridden fifty miles on relays of horses, to reach the battlefield, arriving in the midst of the total rout of his troops. One who was a participant in the Federal army in this battle, described the action of General Nelson on this occasion as that of a man wholly beside himself. Roaring like a bull of Bashan, as he described him, he rode among the fleeing troops belaboring them over their heads with the flat of his sword and vainly ordering them again. into line. Nelson was desperately wounded while endeavoring to rally his men and, says Smith in his "History of Kentucky," "only escaped with his life by the discreet bravery of Gen. Green Clay Smith (a Kentuckian) who safely bore him from the field and danger." The same authority states that "the Federal loss was over eleven hundred killed and wounded and forty-five hundred prisoners; that of the Confederates, eight hundred and fifty in killed and wounded."

The utter defeat and rout of these Federal

soldiers was to have been expected and should bring no reproach upon them. They were raw levies, hastily recruited in Indiana, and rushed to the front without knowing more than the rudiments of drill and discipline. Officers and men alike, were ignorant of the actual duties of a soldier. They met General Smith's veteran Confederates who had seen long service, who knew what a battle meant from actual experience, and they very naturally defeated the raw recruits. Yet these untrained Indiana boys rallied twice after being forced back and it was not until they had been a third time driven from their position that they broke in confusion and could not again be rallied. They were brave fellows and no doubt did valiant service later in the war, when rough experience had given them confidence in themselves and the knowledge that not all the bullets from the opposing side find their man. But their retreat upon Louisville more than one hundred miles distant was disastrous and almost amusing to the veteran Confederates who followed them.

Following his success at Richmond, General Smith advanced into central Kentucky, occupying Lexington on September 2d, sending forward a small force to Frankfort and General Heth with a division, towards Covington to menace Cincinnati and prevent the sending of reinforcements from that city to Buell who was threatened by Bragg. The people of Cincinnati were in favor of a strenuous prosecution of the war, so long as it was confined to the southern states, but when brought to their own doors, they experienced a change of heart, and, with unanimity, agreed that something should be done to stop the fratricidal strife. The greatest excitement prevailed in that city, which was not allayed by reports that the army under General Bragg was rapidly advancing upon Kentucky with the probable result that the theater of war would be transferred to their very doors and that their own city might be attacked and

taken by the invading forces. Viewing warfare from a safe distance is not to be compared to looking upon it from one's own doorstep, a fact forcibly brought to the minds of the valiant non-combatants of the Ohio city at this time, and a year later, when General Morgan and his cavalrymen swept through the state and approached so near Cincinnati as to cause the utmost solicitude upon the part of those citizens who were warlike only in their conversation and at a respectful distance.

General Bragg had anticipated uniting his forces immediately with those of General Smith on the arrival of the latter in Kentucky, but was delayed by the non-arrival of trains and difficulty in crossing to the north. bank of the Tennessee river. On August 28th his line of march was taken up and the real advance upon Kentucky was begun. Before him lay Walden's Ridge, a semi-mountainous range presenting many difficulties to the advance of an army, but after tedious delays, these obstacles were overcome, and by September 11th the army was in the prosperous valley of Sequatchie, north of Walden's Ridge. Bragg, covering his flanks with the cavalry under Wheeler and Forrest, flanked McMinnville where lay a portion of Buell's forces, and moved rapidly forward to Sparta, thus threatening Nashville and Buell's northern communications. At first disposed to press forward into Kentucky for an immediate junction with Kirby Smith, he later changed his plans and concluded to maneuver Buell out of Nashville. With this in view his right wing crossed the Tennessee river at Gainesboro-his left, at Carthage; each wing moving upon Glasgow, Kentucky, at which point they arrived respectively on the 12th and 13th of September, where the army remained until the 15th, for the resting, of the troops and the procuring of forage and rations which were easily supplied in that vicinage, as no considerable body of troops had ever occupied the adjacent territory. On his arrival at Glas

gow, Bragg sent forward to Cave City the brigades of Generals Chalmers and Duncan, who took possession of that place, thus severing the north and south connection of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad upon which Buell relied for supplies and sustenance of his troops.

Bragg, by this movement, had drawn Buell out of Nashville and the latter had brought forward his forces to Bowling Green, thirty miles from Glasgow where Bragg lay. General Chalmers, probably upon his own initiative, concluded that he would reduce the works at Munfordsville and capture the garrison, which he had been led to believe was only a small one. With his brigade and that of General Duncan, he made an attack upon the works which, without his knowledge, had been heavily reinforced, and which were defended by eight or ten pieces of artillery. The result of this attack, on the 14th, was that the Confederates were repulsed with a heavy loss. Bragg, to retrieve the prestige thus lost to his army moved his forces on the 15th against Munfordsville, taking such positions with his artillery and infantry both front and rear, as to render the further holding of the works untenable, with the result that the Federal commander, Col. J. T. Wilder, came out under a flag of truce and, being satisfied that further resistance was useless, surrendered his command. Under the terms of the surrender, the Federals marched out of their works on the morning of the 17th, at the early hour of 3 o'clock, and Colonel Wilder delivered his sword to Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner, a native of Hart county, at a point almost in sight of the ancestral home of the latter, which, at this writing, is still occupied by that distinguished soldier and statesman son of Kentucky. The garrison numbering nearly four thousand men, was paroled. The other results of the surrender were ten pieces of artillery with necessary ammunition, and a large number of horses, mules and military stores.

Former Confederate soldiers, especially those who served in the cavalry arm of the service will well remember the active and energetic command later known as "Wilder's Mounted Infantry," and will be interested in knowing that its commander was the same Wilder who surrendered his sword at Munfordsville to General Buckner. After the war had ended, he made his home at Chattanooga among the southern people against whom he had so bravely struggled. At a later period, he was appointed postmaster at Chattanooga, and at the time of this writing, though well advanced in years, is pension agent at Knoxville. He was, to use one of Kipling's expressions, "a first-class fighting man" and had, always, the respect of those who met him in battle, notwithstanding his propensity for early rising and calling upon the Confederate cavalry before they had breakfasted. So far as is known, he has not yet apologized for these early and unconventional calls.

It is not proposed to enter into a discussion of purely military questions. The object of this work is to relate what occurred in Kentucky and not to take up the discussion of questions of an academic character. It has been contended by some that, after the surrender of Munfordsville, Bragg should have turned upon Buell at Bowling Green and given him battle. Others, with much force, have endeavored to show that this would have been suicidal. Let the military pundits settle this contention among themselves. It is enough to say here, that Bragg did not turn upon Buell and offer battle. Colonel J. Stoddard Johnston, a nephew of the lamented General Albert Sidney Johnston, and himself a trained and accomplished soldier, who was for a time a member of the staff of General Bragg, says in "Confederate Military History:" "A study of the map will show to the military student. judging by abstract rules, and not by the light of after events, that his (Bragg's) movement to Bardstown, where he