on the 20th of September, they charged the Federals at Lee and Gordon's mill and drove from the works the command of Gen. John M. Palmer, himself a native of Kentucky, but commanding a splendid body of Illinois infantry. Recognizing that the Confederates, pressing their advantage, gained at other points along the battle line, would soon move forward in their front, the Federals at Lee and Gordon's mill, cut the mill dam and let the confined waters flow downward without restraint. The First Kentucky came in a charge to the banks of the stream and finding the water unconfined, the men of that command took off their cartridge boxes and holding them and their guns high above their heads, plunged into the stream and made their way towards the side from which the Illinois troops were pouring into them, from behind log breastworks, a destructive fire. The attacking forces could not, of course, fire upon the Federals while crossing the stream, but like the Irish troops at Fontenoy, they went "ever right onward still," and drove General Palmer's brave fellows from their works. The writer may, perhaps, be pardoned for the statement that the company of which he was a member, led this advance and that he was at the head of the company by the side of the commanding officer. The pursuit of the retreating Federals was kept up until dark intervened and among the captures made by this force was the field hospital of General Palmer's division which was not interfered with, as the surgeons, in their mission of mercy, had made no discrimination between Federals and Confederates. When the advancing force of the Confederates had approached this hospital, the wounded Confederates who were able to walk about, came out of the hospital tents and requested that the surgeons, who had been kind to them, should not be stopped in their mission of mercy. Nor were they. There was no Red Cross organization in those days, but the contending forces recognized

that the surgeon's mission was one of mercy and that the uniform worn by a stricken soldier played no part in the efforts to save the life of its wearer. No soldier of the Union or of the south in those dreadful days, but is willing to extend the fullest meed of praise to the medical men who looked after their wounds. Perhaps they were a little prone to amputations, but the medical faculty did not know as much in those days as they do now, and they probably did the best they knew how.

Kirkpatrick's battalion

Going back now to the movements of the cavalry, after the battle of Chickamauga, General Duke's "History of Morgan's Command," says: "General Forrest and Colonel Scott both complimented our little command more than once during the battle. Immediately after the battle, the entire cavalry command of the Army of Tennessee was actively employed. The two battalions of our command were separated, Dortch going with Forrest up the Chattanooga and Knoxville railroad; Kirkpatrick went with Wheeler on his raid through middle Tennessee. Dortch was in the fight against Wolford's Kentucky cavalry at Philadelphia, Tennessee; in the skirmishes at Loudon and Marysville and at the siege of Knoxville. was at the fights at McMinnville, Murfreesboro, Shelbyville and Sugar Creek. In the latter fight, Wheeler's whole force fell back rapidly and Kirkpatrick was kept in the rear until we reached the Tennessee river. (The First Kentucky cavalry was also in the rear with Kirkpatrick's battalion and participated in all the fights made against the pursuing Federal forces.) Federal forces.) When we returned to the army, Kirkpatrick's battalion was placed on severe picket duty, its line extending from the mouth of the Chickamauga up the Tennessee river some three miles, where it connected with the line of the First Kentucky cavalry. This duty was exceedingly heavy. The pickets stood in squads of three, every four hundred yards, with mounted patrols to

men of Morgan's command; the men who had written a new page into the history of cavalry warfare; the men who had taught the world new lessons in the use of cavalry. General Forrest fought against this order, and won his fight at the cost of his own command. He won for the Kentuckians, but lost for the Tennesseeans. His own splendid command was taken from him and he had afterward only conscripts and absentees from other commands, but he went forward with these and won battles in the future as he had won them in the past. In the western army, Morgan, Forrest and Wheeler taught the military stu

length placed in a brigade of Kentucky cavalry commanded by Col. J. Warren Grigsby in which were the Ninth and the First Kentucky cavalry.

Then came the long, cold nights of the dreary winter of 1863-4. The Kentucky cavalry shivered through the dark dragging hours, half-clad, half-fed, but never relaxing for a moment their vigilant watch-guard over the sleeping army which on the heights of Missionary Ridge encompassed General Grant and his army in Chattanooga. On the heights of Lookout Mountain, where the fabled "battle above the clouds" was alleged to have been

Duke says in his history: "The Federal battalions poured one night across the river, the bright blaze and quick crash of rifles suddenly breaking out along the picket line. Then followed hurried saddling and rapid reinforcement, but the steady Federal advance drove the cavalry back. Even amid the snarl of musketry and roar of cannon, could be heard the plash of boats plying from shore to shore. Couriers were sent to army headquarters with the information, but losing their way in the pitch darkness did not report until daylight. "Next day came the grand Federal attack and the terrible and unaccountable 'stampede' of the entire Confederate army from Missionary Ridge that army which a few weeks before had won the great victory of Chicamauga."

But was it unaccountable that the army was in retreat? General Bragg was in command, and that meant retreat. The wonder is that the gallant men whom he commanded should have retained their spirits and been always ready for battle when called upon. It is the highest tribute to the soldierly character of this army that it never lost its splendid morale and was always ready for action.

Bragg fell back upon Dalton, Georgia, his rear being covered in his retreat, as usual, by Kentuckians-the Orphan brigade, the remnants of Morgan's command and the First and Ninth Kentucky cavalry. The army withdrew in safety to Dalton. At Ringgold Gap, Osterhaus' Federal division pressed too closely on the retreating forces and received a salutary lesson. The First Kentucky cavalry was in the extreme rear of the Confederate forces and when Osterhaus attacked, it made a pretense at defense and then precipitately retreated through the gap, to draw the enemy forward. The Federals came forward in heavy columns, and as they approached the Gap were fired upon by concealed artillery

of them falling at the first fire. The contest continued during the greater part of the day, but was always in favor of the Confederates. One regiment of the latter, having exhausted its ammunition, resisted a charge of the Federals up Taylor's Ridge with stones thrown by hand and large rocks which were rolled down upon the assaulting columns, and which forced them to desist and withdraw from the attack. The Confederate army, without much interruption from the Federals, spent the disagreeable winter of 1863 and 1864 at or near Dalton, the cavalry alone assuming special activity. They, of course, never knew the meaning of winter quarters.

The Federal troops from Kentucky who participated in the battle of Missionary Ridge were: Gen. W. C. Whittaker; Eighth Kentucky infantry, Col. Sidney M. Barnes; Third Kentucky infantry, Col. Henry C. Dunlap; Fifteenth Kentucky infantry, Col. Wm. W. Berry, wounded; Lieutenant Col. John L. Treanor; Sixth Kentucky infantry, Major Richard T. Whittaker; Twenty-third Kentucky infantry, Lieutenant Colonel James C. Fox; Ninth Kentucky infantry, Col. George H. Cram; Seventeenth Kentucky infantry, Col. Alexander M. Stout; Twenty-first Kentucky infantry, Col. Samuel W. Price; Fourth Kentucky infantry, Major Robert M. Kelley; Tenth Kentucky infantry, Col. William Hays, Lieutenant Colonel Gabriel C. Wharton.

The Confederate troops engaged who were Kentuckians, were as follows: Major General John C. Breckinridge; Brigadier General Joseph H. Lewis; Second Kentucky infantry, Col. James W. Moss; Fourth Kentucky infantry, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas W. Thompson; Fifth Kentucky infantry, Col. Hiram Hawkins; Sixth Kentucky infantry, Lieutenant Colonel William L. Clark; Ninth Kentucky infantry, Lieutenant Colonel John Crepps Wickliffe; Cobbs' Kentucky battery, Lieutenant Frank P. Gracie; First Kentucky

fith.

According to the reports in the "Century Magazine" articles referring to the war, the Federal losses were as follows: Total Union

or missing, 350; total, 5,815.

Confederate loss: killed, 361; wounded, 2,180; captured or missing, 4,146; total, 6,687.

In January, 1864, Gen. Jere T. Boyle, very much to the regret of all Kentuckians who wished that the horrors of warfare should, as far as possible, be mitigated, resigned from the army and was succeeded in command of the district of Kentucky by General Ammen. On February 1st of this year, President Lincoln ordered a draft for the purpose of raising an additional force of half a million men. The one-time popular song "We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more" had lost its rhythm; the country had sent many thousand of its young men to the front and those remaining at home showed little disposition to offer themselves as "food for powder." The young emigrants from Ireland and Germany, who were tempted by bounties and good pay, were not coming over as rapidly as had been the case before, and it was necessary to recruit the army by enforced enlistments. Hence the order for a draft.

At the time when this draft was ordered, the report of Adjutant General John W. Finnell showed that Kentucky had sent to the Federal army, 35,760 infantry; 15,362 cavalry and 823 artillerymen, besides 2,957 sixty-days men; a total of 54,902.

On February 29th, the enrollment without delay, of colored troops, was ordered by Gen. James B. Fry, provost marshal general. "Smith's History," treating of this troubled period, says: "The enrollment of colored troops was denounced by some of the most active and leading Federal officers in Ken

tucky, among whom were Colonels Frank Wolford and Richard T. Jacob, the latter being at that time lieutenant governor of the state. For language used in condemnation of this policy, Colonel Wolford was arrested and afterwards dishonorably dismissed from the army of the United States 'for speaking disrespectfully of the president of the United States' and for alleged disloyalty." In June of the same year, Governor Bramlette, a former colonel in the Federal army and a good man, commissioned Colonel Wolford to raise a regiment of men for service in the Union army. Colonel Wolford was a diamond in the rough; a man who appeared to love fighting for fighting's sake and who never concealed his opinions whatever they might be. Reference has been made elsewhere in this work to the general activity of the colonel's imaginations, stories about which can scarcely find a place in the serious pages of a history of his day and time. He was the idol of his men and of his party and after the war was ended represented his district in congress for several terms, being, perhaps the only Democrat who could have been elected to that honor in his district.

There was much opposition in Kentucky to the enlistment of negroes in the army, and Governor Bramlette, always a man of peace, issued a proclamation in which he recommended that the people submit quietly to the enrollment of the negro troops. Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge, a native of Kentucky and of un