Benjamin Gratz Brown was born in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1826, going to Missouri in 1851, and being elected to the United States senate in 1863. In 1870 he was elected governor. In 1872 he was the candidate for vice president on the ticket with Horace Greely.

Silas Woodson, born in Knox county, Kentucky, succeeded Governor Brown as governor in 1872.

Charles H. Hardin, born in Trimble county, Kentucky, was elected governor of Missouri in 1874.

Thomas T. Crittenden, a native of Shelby county, Kentucky, a nephew of the celebrated John J. Crittenden, was elected governor of his adopted state in 1880, and his administration was notable for his eradication of the notorious Jesse James gang of robbers.

David R. Francis, born in Madison county, Kentucky, was chosen governor of Missouri in 1889. In Mr. Cleveland's last administration, he was secretary of the interior.

William J. Stone, who succeeded Governor Francis, was, like him, born in Madison county, Kentucky. He was elected governor in 1892 and subsequently was chosen to succeed his fellow-Kentuckian, the brilliant George G. Vest in the United States Senate in which body he sits at this writing.

It will be seen that ten native Kentuckians have served as governors of Missouri, and if that state desires to make further requisitions along that line upon Kentucky there are scores of statesmen in the state who will hearken to her call, even though it be in whispered

tones.

Joseph Duncan, born in Paris, Kentucky, in 1789, was the fifth governor of Illinois, and was elected in 1834.

Thomas Carlin, who succeeded Governor Duncan, was born near Frankfort, Kentucky, in 1789.

1818. He was elected governor in 1860, after having stumped the state for Mr. Lincoln in opposition to Mr. Douglas. He was famous as "the War Governor." His son, born in Illinois, was the twenty-fourth governor of that state.

Illinois' twelfth, fourteenth and eighteenth governor was one man and, a Kentuckian.

Richard J. Oglesby, was born in Oldham county, Kentucky, July 25, 1824. He was first elected governor in 1864, after having attained the rank of major general in the Union army. His second term as governor was interrupted by his election to the United States senate. At the end of his service in that body, having acquired the gubernatorial habit, he a third time elected governor of his adopted state.

was

John M. Palmer, the thirteenth governor of Illinois, was born in Scott county, Kentucky, in 1817. He rose to the rank of major general in the Union army, and in 1868 succeeded General Oglesby as governor. He subsequently served in the United States senate, and in 1896 was the candidate of the sound money Democrats for the presidency, having on the ticket with him as vice president, that sturdy Kentuckian, Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner.

Shelby M. Cullom, sixteenth and seventeenth governor of Illinois, was born in Wayne county, Kentucky, in 1829. He served as governor for six years and since the conclusion of that service has served continuously in the national congress, either as representative or senator. At this time-1911-he is a member of the senate, at the age of eighty-two years.

The fourth governor of the state of Indiana was James B. Ray, a native of Jefferson county, Kentucky, his administration being marked by his interest in internal improvements.

Kentucky, in 1811. He was elected governor in 1860 and held the office but four days in consequence of his being elected to the United States senate.

The twenty-third governor of Indiana, Claude Matthews, was born in Bath county, Kentucky, in 1845. He was elected governor in 1895. Gov. Matthews was "a Free Silver Democrat and a prominent candidate for the presidential nomination in 1896." Mr. Townsend says of this candidacy: "But Mr. BryIan's glittering 'cross of gold' so dazzled the delegates' eyes, and his 'piercing crown of thorns' so punctured all previous booms that the gifted Kentuckian was as one with Richard Parker Bland, better known as "Silver Dick" and a Kentuckian born. Governor Matthews died in Indianapolis August 28, 1898the last Kentuckian to govern the Hoosier

state.

One of Ohio's greatest men was Thomas Corwin, born in Paris, Kentucky, in 1794. In 1830 he went to congress from Ohio, serving in the house for ten years. In 1844 he was elected to the senate and six years later he entered the cabinet of President Fillmore as secretary of the treasury. He subsequently served another term in congress.

Ohio's thirty-fifth governor was Richard M. Bishop, born in Fleming county, Kentucky, in 1812. In 1859 he was mayor of Cincinnati and in 1877 was elected governor, dying in 1893.

The sixth governor of Arkansas was Henry M. Rector, born in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1816, and elected governor in 1860.

Another native of Louisville, Thomas J. Churchill, was the thirteenth governor of Arkansas, elected in 1880. He served in the Mexican war and as a major general in the Confederate Army.

John Long Routt was the only Kentuckian ever elected governor of Colorado. He was born in Eddyville, Kentucky, in 1826. He served in the Union army and when General

Grant became president, Routt was appointed governor of the territory of Colorado. When Colorado was admitted to the union, in 1876, he was elected governor. He was elected mayor of Denver in 1883, and in 1890 was. a second time elected governor.

David S. Walker, seventh governor of the state of Florida, was born in Logan county, Kentucky. He was elected governor in 1865.

The fifth governor of the state of Idaho was Frank W. Hunt, born in Newport, Kentucky, in 1861. He served in the war with Spain and in 1900 was elected governor.

The twenty-third and twenty-fourth governor of Kansas, Edward W. Hoch, was born in Danville, Kentucky, in 1849. He was elected governor of Kansas in 1905 and reelected in 1907.

The thirteenth governor of Louisiana, Robret C. Wickliffe, was born at Bardstown, Kentucky, and in 1856 was elected governor of the state. He was the son of Governor Charles A. Wickliffe, of Kentucky, and an uncle of Governor J. C. W. Beckham, of the same state. Governor Beckham's mother, the sister of Governor Wickliffe of Louisiana, enjoyed a distinction no other woman has ever held, in that she was the daughter of a governor, the sister of a governor and the mother of a governor.

Montana's third state governor, Robert B. Smith, born in Hickman county, Kentucky, was elected in 1896.

The present governor of Montana, Edward L. Norris, born and reared in Cumberland county, Kentucky, was elected in 1908.

The twenty-fourth governor of Tennessee, Albert S. Marks, was born in Davies county, Kentucky, in 1836, served in the Confederate army as Colonel and was elected governor in 1878.

His successor was Alvin Hawkins, a native of Bath county, Kentucky, who was elected governor in 1880.

Benton McMillan, born in Monroe county,

Kentucky, in 1845, was for twenty years a prominent member of congress from Tennessee, in 1889 was elected governor of that state and re-elected in 1901.

The seventeenth governor of Texas, John Ireland, born in Hart county, Kentucky, was elected governor in 1882 and re-elected at the expiration of his first term.

John Floyd, born in Jefferson county, Kentucky, was the only Kentuckian who ever held the office of governor of Virginia, he having been elected in 1830. In 1832, South Carolina voted for Governor Floyd for president.

Not only has Kentucky been generous in supplying her sister states with governors, but she has shown equal generosity to the territories where many of her son's have exemplified the high capacity of Kentuckians for political positions of responsibility, as will be seen from the following list:

During Mr. Cleveland's second administration Benjamin J. Franklin, a native of Germantown, was appointed and served as governor of Arizona territory, from 1896 to 1897. Robert Crittenden, of Logan county, as secretary and acting governor of Arkansas territory, served in that capacity for about a year, owing to the delay of the regularly appointed governor in reaching his station.

Willis A. Gorman, the second territorial governor of Minnesota, was born in Flemingburg, Kentucky, in 1814, and served in that capacity from 1853 to 1857.

Montana's second territorial governor was Gen. Green Clay Smith, born in Richmond, Kentucky, in 1832. While serving in congress from Kentucky in 1866, President Johnson appointed him governor, and he did much to prepare the territory for statehood. At the conclusion of his term of office he entered the Baptist ministry. He died in Washington, D. C., June 30, 1893.

The seventh territorial governor of Montana was Samuel T. Hauser, a native of Falmonth, Kentucky, who was appointed by President Cleveland in 1885, serving two years.

His successor was another Kentuckian, a beloved gentleman of the old school, Preston H. Leslie, born in Wayne county, Kentucky, in 1819. In 1871, Gov. Leslie defeated for governor of Kentucky, Gen. John M. Harlan, now, and for many years past, a justice of the supreme court of the United States. In 1887, President Cleveland appointed Governor Leslie governor of Montana territory, in which position he served for two years. In 1894 President Cleveland appointed him United State's attorney for the district of Montana. He died at Helena, Montana, in 1907.

The fifth territorial governor of Nebraska, William A. Richardson, born near Lexington, Kentucky, in 1811, was sent to congress from Illinois in 1846, and in 1858 was appointed to that office. Serving but a few months, he returned to Illinois, and was elected to the United States senate to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas, on the latter's death.

The last territorial governor of Nebraska, Alvin Saunders, born in Fleming county, Kentucky, served in that capacity from 1861 to 1867 and was afterwards a member of congress from Nebraska. He died in Omaha in 1899.

The first provisional governor of Texas was Henry Smith, born in Kentucky in 1784. He was elected governor in 1835 and later declined the presidency of the republic of Texas. when Gen. Sam Houston was elected. GovSmith was the first secretary of the treasury of the infant Republic.

Two Kentuckians have been governor of the territory of Utah-Gen. Eli H. Murray and Caleb W. West. Gen. Murray was born in Breckinridge county in 1844. He fought in the Union army and was brevetted as brigadier general at its close. For ten years, he was United States marshal in Kentucky. President Hayes in 1880 appointed him governor of the territory of Utah and President Arthur reappointed him, but he resigned during President Cleveland's administration.

General Murray was succeeded by Caleb W. West, born at Cythiana in 1844. He had served in the Confederate army, studying law after returning home. While serving as county judge, President Cleveland appointed him governor of Utah territory in 1886, and seven years later he was reappointed to the same position, again by President Cleveland. He later became a special agent of the United States treasury. He died at San Francisco in January, 1909, beloved and mourned by all who had ever known him.

Joseph C. S. Blackburn was born in Woodford county, Kentucky, October 1, 1838. He served in the Confederate army, and after the war, while practicing law at Versailles, was elected a representative in the legislature in 1871, and re-elected in 1873. In 1875 he was elected to congress, serving in either the house or senate three terms in the latter until 1907, with the exception of a short period. On April 1, 1907, President Roosevelt appointed him a member of the Isthmian Canal Commission in charge of the department of civil administration in the Canal Zone, and it was Governor Blackburn for the

next three years. At the expiration of that period he resigned and returned to his home. in Woodford county.

To succeed Governor Blackburn, President Taft appointed Maurice K. Thatcher, who had the misfortune to have been born in Chicago, but he atoned for this mishap by coming, at an early age, to Butler county where he grew to a useful manhood. He has been assistant United States attorney for Kentucky, state inspector and examiner of public offices, and is at this writing Governor Thatcher of the Canal Zone. It has been charged that Governor Thatcher writes poetry, but this he denies. At any rate, he is a useful young man and a good citizen.

An inclination to publish herewith a list of those Kentuckians who have represented other states in the national senate and house of representatives, had to be resisted on account of the limitation of space. It is enough. to say that in the matter of senators and representatives for other states, Kentucky has been even more generous than in that of gov

ernors.

[This chapter, bearing upon the geology of Kentucky, is from the pen of Professor C. J. Norwood of the State University, the accomplished Director of the Geological Survey and Chief Inspector of Mines for the State of Kentucky.]

The precise area of Kentucky is yet to be determined; according to the computations last made by the State Geological Survey, the area closely approximates 41,283 square miles, including about four hundred square miles of water. With the exception of the southern border and about one hundred and forty miles on the southeast, the boundary is formed by rivers the Big Sandy and its Tug Fork for approximately one hundred and twenty miles, the Ohio for six hundred and forty-three miles, and the Mississippi for fifty or sixty miles. The southeastern border follows the northeastwardly trending crest of Cumberland Mountain for thirty-five or forty miles, then crosses to Pine Mountain, by way of the Big Black and associated ridges, and follows the ridge of Pine to the Breaks of Sandy; from the latter point it pursues an arbitrary northeast line to the Roughs of the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy. As was aptly stated by the late N. S. Shaler, these boundaries give the state the form of an irregular pentagon, four sides of which are natural boundaries of river or mountain range, the fifth being a conventional

line. While the reasons for the irregularities seen in the southern border, and for the extension of the northern one by arbitrary line from the Breaks of Sandy to the Tug Fork, may be of some historical interest, it does not seem necessary to discuss them here.

THE TOPOGRAPHY

Save for a small area in the southeast, which has true mountain structure, Kentucky is essentially a table-land, with subordinate peneplains, sloping to the northwest and, in the main, broken only by stream excavations. Perhaps no general description of the surface more suitable for these pages can be presented than one based in part on emendation of that given by N. S. Shaler in Vol. III of reports of the State Geological Survey, issued during his administration as director of the Survey: The Ohio river, so prominent a feature in the map of the state, is the key to most of its surface. All except about one-eighth of its area, situated in the southeast corner of the state, may be regarded as a part of the valley table-lands of the Ohio, varying in character according to the underlying rock, but owing their form almost entirely to the cutting action of the rivers, acting upon rock which has never been thrown into great mountain folds. In the formation of this surface there have been, with comparatively few exceptions, no other factors than the hardness of