1. Ohio Black Shale beds.-The shales are black, or dark brown, fissile, and usually quite bituminous. Very thin plates or sheets of coal occur occasionally between laminae of the beds. The shale is often mistaken for the capping shale of coal deposits, and is responsible for many expensive disappointments. The Ohio shale (improperly designated as "Chattanooga shale" in some U. S. Geological Survey reports dealing with Kentucky areas) is the great knob-making formation of Kentucky. The thickness varies greatly on each side of the Cincinnati geanticline. Thicknesses on the west side range from 20 to 135 feet; on the east, from 60 to 225 feet, with 280 reported as penetrated in a Morgan county gas well.

2. Corniferous.-Includes the Sellersburg and Jeffersonville limestones west of the Cincinnati geanticline, which may be (the Jeffersonville certainly and the Sellersburg possibly) classed together as the Boyle limestones (Foerste) of recent reports of the State Geological Survey. On the east side of the geanticline, the term Boyle limestones applies exclusively. The beds are rich in fossil corals (as at the Falls of the Ohio), and the

bottom layer of the Boyle (Kiddville layer) is rich in fish remains. The thickness west of the geanticline varies from practically nothing to 48 feet; on the east side, from 10 to 20 feet.

Economic Materials: Petroleum, gas, salt brine, phosphatic nodules and layers, cement rock, marbles for indoor work. The Black shale, when burnt, makes fine road material, and clay resulting from its decay makes good drain tile and deep red brick. The shale is an inviting source of fuel gas (by distillation) for future generations. The Boyle limestone is pre-eminent among the oil producing rocks of the State.

VII. SILURIAN

1. Niagaran. The following members of the series occur on the west side of the Cincinnati geanticline: (a) Louisville limestone beds; thickness, 40 to 50 feet. (b) Waldron shaly clays; thickness 4 to 10 feet. (c) Laurel limestone beds; thickness 35 feet. (d) Crab Orchard formation; shales, clays, and limestones, correlating with the Osgood shales; thickness about 25 feet.

On the east side occur: (a) Limestones in Fleming and Lewis counties which are tentatively correlated with the Greenfield or Monroe formation of Ohio, by Dr. Foerste. (b) Crab Orchard formation (including the Indian Fields and Alger divisions); thickness, 110 to 180 feet.

2. Clinton (of Ohio).—The precise relation that the limestones forming the base of the Silurian in Kentucky and in Ohio bear to the Clinton of New York geology is an unsettled question. In the older Kentucky reports, unfortunately, Silurian beds referred to Clinton age are not always identical; in Ohio, however, such confusion does not exist, hence the qualifications indicated here. To the Kentucky representatives of the Clinton of Ohio, the name Brassfield limestones has been given. On the east side of the geanticline, the thickness ranges from 13 to 19 feet.

Economic Materials: Clay suitable for lowgrade terra cotta, for "vitrified" paving brick, for common brick, for sewer pipe, and for cement; spring waters charged with magnesium sulphate and sodium sulphate, together with other mineral salts, from which are derived "Crab Orchard salts;" excellent iron ores (hematite), such as are now mined in Bath county.

The Devonian and Silurian beds cover an area of about 1,200 square miles.

VIII. ORDOVICIAN (LOWER SILURIAN) 1. Cincinnatian. - Richmond group; thick ness, 140 to 210 feet. (b) Maysville (Lorraine) group; thickness, 280 feet. (c) Eden group (including three feet of shale at the base that has been tentatively referred to Utica age); thickness, 120 to 263 feet. (d) Cynthiana (Winchester or Lower Winchester of some geologists); thickness 20 to 90 feet.

Under the name Cincinnatian is included the so-called Hudson River series of some of the older literature dealing with the geology of Kentucky; also the "Hudson River" of the Kentucky oil-well driller.

2. Mohawkian.-(a) Lexington (Trenton) limestone group; thickness, 275 feet. (b) Highbridge (Stones River of Tennessee); partly under cover but the thickness is probably about 500 feet.

The Highbridge group includes the "Birdseye" (now named Tyrone), the "Kentucky River Marble" (now known as the Oregon), and the "Chazy" (now Campnelson), of some of the older reports of the State Geological Survey. The first two of the older names were discarded by the Survey, in recent time, because they were in conflict with present rules governing geologic nomenclature. While identification of the Chazy is not discarded, it is deemed best, for the present, to use the name Campnelson for the beds included under the older name.

Economic Materials: (a) In the Richmond: Blue limestones, petroleum.

(b) In the Maysville: Good building stone, brick clays.

(c) In the Eden: Petroleum.

(d) In the Cynthiana: Blue limestones. (e) In the Lexington: Excellent building stones, large workable deposits of exceptionally pure barytes, carrying at many places considerable galena and zinc blende; some fluorspar in veins, pockets of gas, possibly some petroleum, phosphatic limestones (they afford the typical "blue-grass" soils), and lime phosphate deposits of commercial value. The latter result from the natural leaching of, usually, twenty-five to fifty-five feet of beds (resulting in the removal of lime carbonate), and the concentration of the residual insoluble lime phosphate into accumulations ranging from two to four and six feet in thickness. The barytes deposits occur in long, nearly vertical, veins, of which there are hundreds, extending through many counties. Central Kentucky is deemed, by those most familiar with the subject, the richest barytes field in the United States.

(f) In the Highbridge: Fine building stones, fluorspar, wide veins of pure calcite (upon which has been established an important industry), petroleum, gas. One of the noteworthy beds is a compact, peculiarly white limestone having "birdseye" structure. This was used in the construction of the old Capitol, and of other large old buildings in Frankfort. A more important bed is a beautiful cream colored, smooth-grained limestone. This is admirably suited for both structural and sculptural purposes; it should be in demand as a finishing stone for buildings. The original Clay Monument at Lexington, by Hart, was carved out of this stone; the graceful colonnade forming the front of the old Capitol is another example of its use. This is the "Kentucky River marble."

Kentucky has not been wanting in distinguished sons who have honored the State by attaining to the Supreme Court of the United States. The list of those who have thus served is as follows: John McLean, John Catron, John McKinley, Samuel F. Miller, Thomas Todd, Robert Trimble and John M. Harlan. Of these Justice Miller was at first a physician but subsequently studied law and was appointed to the Supreme bench by Mr. Lincoln in 1862 and attained high distinction as a just and learned jurist.

The senior Justice of that high tribunal, at this time, both in age and years of service, is Justice John M. Harlan who has thirty-four useful years on the Supreme bench to his credit. No apology is due for the extended sketch of the man and his service which follows:

John Marshall Harlan was born in what is now Boyle county, Kentucky, June 1, 1833. Before the Revolution, two Harlan brothersJames and Silas-living in Chester county, Pennsylvania, changed their residence to what is now Berkley county, West Virginia. A descendant of one was James Harlan (the grandfather of John Marshall Harlan) who with his brother Silas and about thirty other young men, all living on or near the headwaters of the Potomac and Monongahela rivers in Berkley county, conceived the idea of settling in Kentucky, then a wilderness inhabited by Indians. They went down the Ohio river in small boats,

arriving in Kentucky in 1774, two years before the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. James and Silas settled on Clark's run of Salt river, about seven miles from where Harrodsburg now stands. James Harlan (the second), the father of John, was born and reared there, as were all his children. He represented the Boyle District in Congress, 18351839. In the latter year, he removed with his family from his farm in Boyle county to Harrodsburg to practice law. In 1840, he was requested by Governor Letcher to become Secretary of State; he accepted the position, and changed his residence to Frankfort, the capital, when John was in his seventh year. Here the boy attended the celebrated private school of B. B. Sayre until he was fifteen. While in that school there arose one of those peculiar situations which so vitally affect the destinies of men. Sayre, the teacher, earnestly besought the father of this lad to have him. trained for mercantile pursuits, urging that three of John's brothers were lawyers, and that was quite enough for one family. Now James Harlan was a Whig; he had steadily opposed the theories and policies of the Democratic party as founded by Jefferson and the principles of constitutional law maintained by him. He was a devoted follower and the confidential friend and admirer of Clay; was a great admirer of Webster, whose views as to the nature of the National and State governments were in entire accord with his own.

He

was an earnest believer in the principles of constitutional law as announced by Marshall. The father had other and fonder hopes for the son than mercantile pursuits. He would not give his consent; said that he had always intended that John should be a lawyer, and so fixed had he been in that purpose that he named him John Marshall!

In 1848, Harlan entered Centre College as a junior and graduated from that famous institution with honor in 1850. Shortly after he left college he commenced the study of law at Frankfort under his father, spending part of the time in the Law School of Transylvania University, in which such distinguished men as George Robertson, Thomas A. Marshall, Madison C. Johnson and Richard A. Buckner were professors or lecturers. On April 16, 1851, before he was eighteen, he was appointed by Gov. John L. Helm as Adjutant General of Kentucky, and as such was ex-officio Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the two military schools, then in successful operation in Kentucky-the Kentucky Military School at Frankfort, and the Western Military Institute at Drennon Springs. On the Board of Trustees of the latter, in 1851, were Gen. William O. Butler, Col. Humphrey Marshall, Col. William Preston and Judge Thomas B. Monroe. At the commencement exercises in June, 1851, Harlan first met James G. Blaine, then a professor in the military school at Drennon Springs at a salary of $1,200 a year. In 1855 Harlan got his first taste for public speaking; at the county seats of all the mountain counties of the state he addressed public meetings in behalf of Charles S. Morehead, the American candidate for governor. In 1856, the American Party of Kentucky selected him as an assistant Elector at Large for Fillmore and Donelson. In 1858, he was elected County Judge of Franklin county; in 1859, he was unexpectedly to himself selected by what was then called the "Remains of the Old Whig Party of Kentucky," as its candidate for Congress in the

Ashland District. His opponent was William E. Simms, afterwards in the Confederate Senate from Kentucky. The latter was returned as elected by only 67 majority, but Harlan always strongly insisted, after careful investigation, that he was elected by more than 500 majority, and cheated out of the election by the importation of fraudulent and illegal voters, brought into the district from Covington and Cincinnati. So firmly convinced were Harlan's followers that he was really elected that they raised $10,000 and put it in bank to his credit to defray the expense of a contested election; but upon due consideration he conIcluded not to make the contest. He had then attracted the attention of the entire nation and become widely known as one of its foremost public speakers. And here again was seen that peculiar influence which the world calls destiny. Had he been elected to Congress in 1859, when he was 26, what a change in his public career there might have been! If destiny had then changed his course, that change probably would have turned him to the Executive Department instead of the Judicial. In the contest of 1860, Harlan was placed on the Bell and Everett electoral ticket. They carried Kentucky and he cast his vote in the Electoral College for those candidates for President and Vice-president.

The year 1861 had dawned and the election for Congress was near. It was conceded that unless Harlan was the opposing candidate the Democrats would carry the Ashland district. Harlan felt bound to stand by those who had stood so valiantly by him in 1859; but he longed for his profession and felt that his imperative duty was to pursue it. As a solution, he resolved to disconnect himself from politics and to seek a larger field for practice. In February, 1861, he removed to Louisville and formed. a partnership with the Hon. William F. Bullock.

Lincoln was inaugurated March 4, 1861, and shortly thereafter Sumter was fired upon; the