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ing over or around permanent magnets. When a current is sent, second by second, from a controlling clock, the temporary attraction between the electro-magnet and the permanent magnet compels the controlled pendulum to copy the vibrations of the controller, even though there may be a discrepancy of several minutes in their daily independent rates. The above company also sent the Acoustic Telegraph, the signals being produced by strokes on a pair of bells of different tones.

Mr. C. F. Walker, the telegraph engineer, exhibited a pair of the bells, of which some hundreds are erected on the South-Eastern Railway, for signalling trains. There is but one movable piece, the hammer which strikes the bell. The battery employed is a one-fluid-battery, the negative plate being platinized graphite. A counting index is attached to some bells to count if the signalman is absent or distracted. Two instruments record the signals. One of these drops black and white balls into a groove for the signals, and spotted and blue for the hours and quarters. The other imprints red and black marks on cotton thread for the signals, and the two combined for time marks. Mr. Walker also exhibited a Graphite Battery in work; an audible system of Train Signals; an index for counting, and an apparatus for recording them.

Messrs. C. and S. A. Varley exhibited a large ebonite Electrical Machine: the disc is three feet in diameter, and is excited by a soft amalgam composed of zinc, tin, mercury, and lead, to give out sparks from 16 to 20 inches in length.

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES.— All the well-known manufacturers of Great Britain were represented in the Exhibition. Weiss and Son exhibited among the novelties a modification of the Ecraseur, an instrument by means of which the tissues of the body can be divided by a wire or chain saw, worked by a sort of windlass action. The power here is obtained by an endless screw, and is so great that no part of the frame except the bones is capable of withstanding its force. As it cuts in a slightly uneven manner, and the constriction is necessarily very great before incision commences, there is little chance of important hæmorrhage happening after its employment.

The Artificial Limbs shown by Masters were of exquisite workmanship. One of the artificial legs was of wonderfully small weight-viz., 2 lb. 7 oz., constructed of willow wood coated with leather, and furnished with strong though light articulations.

Among the French exhibitors, Charrière invented for M. Roger, the celebrated tenor of the Opéra Comique, an Arm. The novelty in its construction consists of an extra joint made in the centre of the forearm, to which a spring, with cords, is attached; and the cords, passing over the opposite shoulder, give the wearer the power of turning the hand and pointing the finger. In the French gallery we also noticed

the apparatus of Dr. Sales-Girons for the Pulverization of Liquids: by means of compressed air a small stream of mineral or medicated water is driven against a metal plate with such rapidity, that on striking it, it breaks into a finely-divided state, or, in other words, into a mist which the patient can easily inhale. An instrument was invented by Dr. Marey, that not only shows the pulsation of an artery by the oscillation of a lever, but also draws on paper the curve defined by it at each beat of the heart.

Leiter, of Vienna, had tubes used after the operation of tracheotomy; they have a valve which allows the patient to speak, notwithstanding the opening in his windpipe. Dr. Hebra's Bath, in which he keeps patients for such a period as eight weeks, is a curiosity in its way. He was first led to adopt this in a case of extensive superficial burn; and devised immersion in tepid water, constantly changing — and was quite successful in his treatment.

SANITARY APPLIANCES.-Mr. Thomas Spencer exhibited the Magnetic Purifying Filter-the discovery is, that magnetic oxide of iron, loadstone, is nature's chief agent of purification, and that any stratum containing iron also contains a small percentage of this oxide; and that where the oxide most abounds,-water is purest. The oxide attracts oxygen; the molecules of that gas become polarized, or ozone; the latter attracts the carbon of moist organic matter; and carbonic acid results.

Dahlke's patent Silicated Carbon Filter, is formed of a combination of carbon with silica, as existing in the Torbane Hill mineral, which is represented as immensely more effective than mere carbon, both as an oxidizer and a promoter of chemical combination generally: carbon, indeed, acting mainly by absorption, or not chemically, being subject to saturation, and absorbing the carbonic acid. Instead of taking away the gas, the silicated carbon causes production of it, whilst nitrogenous products become changed. These filters have been adopted by the Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountains Association.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.-The Pianoforte is given to outside decoration. This Exhibition shows, in its ample display of woods hitherto unknown from every quarter of the globe, what exquisite varieties of color and grain lie at the service of every cabinetmaker, though he be bent on no such fine fancies. Meanwhile, the general quality of instruments is improved.

An American improvement merits special mention. Mr. Hulskamp exhibited a modification of the instrument, founded on the observation that tension was an important element in the vibratory action of bodies. Accordingly, applying, by the use of screws, a straining power to the sounding board of a pianoforte, he is enabled to increase his vibration so materially, that a horizontal pianoforte exhibited by him, two feet shorter than the ordinary grand, has all the power of the larger instru

ment. The whole result thus produced, however, is not solely due to the tension applied to the sounding board, but is in part referable to the oblique braces which transmit the vibrations from the frame on which the strings are stretched to the centre of the sounding board. Mr. Hulskamp has applied the same principle of construction to the violin, increasing in a remarkable degree the volume of tone.

In organs again, while there remains much to be done, there have been great improvements both in point of combination and to facilitate the manual and pedal execution. M. Sax had his usual case of carefully made brass instruments. England, we fancy, carries off the palm in flutes.

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The Musical Boxes from Geneva attracted great attention in the Swiss Court; and Auber and Linton showed here a beautiful piece of mechanism which, though no novelty, drew a crowd of admirers. It was in the shape of a small musical box, just large enough for the waistcoat pocket, out of which, when the lid was opened, popped up a pretty little bullfinch, who piped a song, fluttering his wings in the most natural manner possible. The plumage, the action, and the peculiar note of the bird, were imitated with wonderful exactness. It was a benevolent idea of the proprietors to make this mechanical wonder subserve "all mankind's concern," charity, by announcing that whenever the sum of five shillings was raised among the visitors, the bird should perform, and the fund so collected be appropriated to the benefit of the distressed cotton districts. He seldom continued long without an audience, and sometimes realized from 10l. to 12. a day toward the Cotton Districts Fund. MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY. Cotton-Spinning Machinery.-This important branch of machinery was largely represented; and Dobson and Barlow, of Bolton, contributed a fair quota of the whole. They exhibited, in fact, a series of machines for opening and cleansing, preparing and spinning cotton. The first is named a Cotton Spinner, and it is adapted for spinning and cleaning long or short stapled cotton. The feeding parts and the inside gratings, are of a novel construction, the object in view being to open out and clean the cotton without injuring the staple. The second is called the Single Scutcher, and it is supplied with feeding rolls: the merit of the roils consists in their holding the cotton sufficiently firm without breaking the seeds or shells. Then follows the Breaker Carding Engine, which is a combined patent machine: Wallman, of the United States of America, and Dobson and Barlow, each having a share in it. Its chief merits are that the cotton is well opened and cleaned by the working rollers, before the upper rollers will allow it to pass the self-slipping top-flats: these flats can be taken out at pleasure by the attendant, and readjusted without the use of a screw key. A Finisher Carding Engine stands next, and it works automati

cally-an improvement on the plan of stripping flats by hand, as is usually done. Ashworth's patent Lap Machine is used for making laps for the finisher carding engine, and combing machine; and a grinding apparatus is so contrived as to grind two rollers and a flat at the same time.

There was an extensive collection of Carpet weaving Machinery exhibited. The Power Loom by Tuer and Hall, of Bury, near Manchester, for the weaving of pile, velvet, patent tapestry, or ordinary Brussels carpet, any width required, either with or without jacquard, was shown in operation. All the working motions are outside the loom, except the crank from which it is driven; by this means free access to the working parts is obtained, and a hitherto much complained of inconvenience removed. It will admit larger yarn beams in the same space than any other loom we know of. The wire motion inserts forty-five wires per minute, at two picks per wire; it recommends itself by the facility with which it inserts the wires on which the loops or pile is raised, and by its simple arrangement for holding the wires when inserted, withdrawing and transferring the point of the wire for reinsertion. The whole of the motion is governed in its action by one cam. It produces six yards of carpet per hour, much more than ordinary looms, and requires less space than most of them with the same width in the reed; six such machines may be driven by one horse's power. This loom is also applicable to the weaving of Utrecht velvet, for the lining of carriages, omnibuses, &c.

From Switzerland two Looms were both exhibited at work, in weaving broad ribbon. In one the pattern was a portrait of her Majesty (black lines on a white ground); the other produced the royal arms in beautiful colors, also on a white ground. This latter machine weaves several ribbons at one time. It is a beautiful piece of workmanship, but so elaborate and apparently complicated that it is perfectly bewildering to a stranger to endeavor to trace out the meaning of its parts-such piles of perforated cards, such masses of threads in the gears, and such innumerable little bobbins and shuttles. It is in machines of this kind that we see the real genius of the French or Swiss mechanic develop itself.

AMERICAN MACHINERY.-Among the machines was Conroy's Cork Cutter: the man in charge simply puts down a square of cork on a small ledge, and as the machine works, two fingers are pushed out, which grasp it, and fix it on a rapidly rotating pin, where it is applied to the edge of a circular knife, revolving horizontally in a couple of seconds the square assumes the desired shape and size, and immediately drops into a reservoir beneath to make room for another. A man and a couple of boys can cut 150 gross of corks with this machine in a day. The Ropemaking Machine, which stood next, compresses a ropewalk of some 800 or 900 yards into about

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8 feet, and it spins a 12-strand rope quite as stout and in much less time than it could be done by hand. Close by the rope spinner was a Machine for Shifting and Securing Machinery Belts, by which, no doubt, many accidents may be prevented. By pulling By pulling a cord the belt is moved either on or off the drums; and as the guides move they are secured in their place by a self-acting lock, so that the belt cannot slip either one way or the other. Eckell, of New York, sent one of his new Presses, by which 1,000 lbs. of cotton may be pressed into 18 cubic feet, or 800 lbs. of hay into a truss of 5 feet by 2 feet, with a height of 32 inches, in a space of four minutes, and with a less expenditure of labor than by any other press yet invented. They are capable of exerting from 100 to 1,000 tons pressure, and one man working alone can bring 100 tons to bear. The machinery is very simple, and may be applied with equal advantage to presses for extracting oils. Hansbrow's California Pump was chiefly distinguished for the ingenious adaptation of the leverage, so that a child might work it. The stream rises on the slightest movement of the handle, and when full power is put on, it will throw a stream from a depth of 30 feet to a height of 85 feet through 50 feet of hose.

Among the most important machinery was a power loom for weaving tufted carpets. In a practical point of view it was perhaps one of the valuable novelties in the department. By a single throw of the shuttle, it will insert, weave in, cut off, and complete one whole range of figuring tufts across the width of the fabric in less time than is required for the making of a single tuft by the hand loom. Any medallion design can be woven in parts, which may easily be united so as to have the appearance of being woven in one piece, as the selvage produced is such that when sewed the seams are not visible. The strain on the material is so slight that common worsted or woollen yarns of any quality may be used, so that the cheapest kinds of carpets may be produced in it. The Earl Granville has publicly stated that it is destined to achieve greater results than any other machine in the building.

Besides these there were various other contrivances of minor importance, but all displaying wonderful ingenuity.

The Pianofortes were highly praised by experts.

Mr. L. A. Bigelow, Boston, Mass., exhibited several machines connected with bootmaking. First was a machine for splitting the leather, or rather, as we would describe it, for paring the leather intended for soles to a uniform or required thickness. This is effected by passing the leather between two rollers, one grooved and the other smooth, behind which is a knife that may be adjusted in relation to the frame according to the thickness of the leather required. The cutting is accomplished rapidly, and with more precision than can be done by the hand and knife. Then we had a machine

for cutting up the leather into soles, which it does at the rate of twenty pair a minute, all fitted exactly to the last, without the use of a hand knife, and the edges sufficiently smooth to finish. Further, there was a "Heel Trimmer," that is, a machine which, carrying the boot or shoe on a pivot, subjects it under a circular motion to the action of a cutter, which in a minute pares the rough edges to the form of heel, whatever the thickness may be. At last came the Sole Sewing Machine, much on the same principle as the sewing machines for lighter material, with which the public are now familiar. Of course it is more ponderous and powerful, having a force to penetrate the thickest leather, or even a board half an inch thick. It uses a heavy waxed thread, drawing the thread more tightly than can be done by hand, and making the work both strong and solid. This machine will sew on the soles of one hundred and fifty pairs of boots or shoes per day.

Another very simple contrivance of great use was a machine for addressing newspapers, exhibited by Mr. Sweet, of New York. A wooden disc, from the edge of which project all the letters of the alphabet, is made to revolve by a treddle; a small wooden block is pressed against the letter required, till the address is cut out on the face of the block. It is then placed along with hundreds of others similarly cut upon an endless band, and having been inked, the band carries them round; and as one by one they descend on a small table, the newspaper, or whatever is to be addressed, is pressed against them by a pressure of the foot, and a thousand addresses are copied in a few minutes.

Scholl's Life Boat was constructed on a novel principle. It looks like a great green porpoise, with a lid opening into his back. Look into the interior, however, through the lid, and you discover the arrangements for the accommodation of a crew and passengers-for the saved and the rescuers, as the case may be. The object of the boat is to pass through a heavy surf with safety. The internal fittings of the boat are below the centre of gravity and of flotation. They are hung in the manner of a binnacle compass, that is, be the motion of the external shell or hull of the boat what it may, the persons within are always maintained in a horizontal position. Indeed, let the boat turn round and round like a spindle, which is hardly possible, its passengers are nevertheless unmoved. The steering apparatus is within, and so are all the arrangements for a screw propeller.

Some ingenious small hand-labor saving machines were the most looked after. One of the most curious of these was the machine for milking the four teats of a cow at the same time, and in a manner precisely similar to the action of the calf's mouth upon the test. Also a very ingenious machine for making paper bags, which turns them out folded, packed, dried, and finished, at the rate of 46 å minute.

A Wringing Machine, of great efficiency and

economy, was shown. Its principle consists simply of two rollers of India rubber, kept at a tight pressure by means of screws, and on turning a handle the articles of clothing, when washed, are drawn between the rollers and pressed dry without the slightest injury to the fabric.

A Caloric Engine, by Wilcox, was shown. It is an engine of low power, quick in its revolutions, not liable to derangement or explosion, and of which the consumption of coal is as low as 100 lbs. per day of 10 hours. Some good folding and revolving drying machines were shown in the American department, the prices of which were as low as 30s., of which 10s. is sent to the Lancashire relief fund. They had a good sale, and the 10s. charitable deodand was regularly acknowledged by the relief committee.

Sewing Machines.-It is "now clearly established, that, whatever a needle can accomplish, the machine can do, from the finest and most delicate fabric for female adornment to the heaviest and coarsest habiliments of the sturdy laborer."

There were about thirty different sewing machines in the exhibition, each having, or professing to have, some distinctive peculiarity: in the American court, the Processes court, and in the French court.

Howe's sewing machine is the basis of all successful machines.

MANUFACTURE S.-Cotton Fabrics.-It is greatly to be regretted that the illustration of the cotton manufactures of Great Britain is not more complete. In 1851 it was very indifferent. On this occasion, if not worse in itself, the defect in the exposition is aggravated by a much smaller display in a dependent industry -that of calico printing.

The most extensive series of exhibits in the Cotton Class was that comprised under the head of Sewing Threads.

In the Great Exhibition of 1851 the Turkish bath towel made its first appearance, and in a short time, owing partly to its quick adoption in the royal nursery, the article got into great favor. W. M. Christy and Son, of Fairfield, near Manchester, had an excellent exhibit of these useful adjuncts to the bath. The make is perfect, and the blankets specially noticeable as supplying a great want.

The contributions from Glasgow consisted almost entirely of harness and other muslins, and exhibited a great general advance alike in taste and perfection of manufacture. In cottons, Glasgow keeps as high a place as Paisley does in shawls. Some of the printed cottons were beautiful specimens of printing. The hardness of effect of cotton prints is overcome, or at least diminished, by a very skilful combination of colors, which blend with each other with as much ease and softness of outline as woven fabrics.

R. Owtram and Co., of Watling street, made an admirable display of figured muslins of a

very high quality as regards weaving, design, and finish. The imitation French cambric, and the jaconots and nainsooks were excellent.

France exhibited largely in this class, and did justice to the power of production, alike in tasteful design, beauty of mechanical result, and brilliancy of color. The finest yarns, and in its way the most complete exhibit, were certainly those of Mallet Brothers, Lille. •

The sewing threads exhibited were of first class quality and finish, and the specimens of muslin and lace showed the yarns in their application to these fabrics to great advantage. M. Thivel-Michon, Tarare, brought together specimens of muslins manufactured from yarn spun by the leading spinners both of the Continent and England. The finest were by the latter, and fabrics were shown made of 220s and 300s spun by Murray and Co.; of 250s by M'Connel and Co.; and of 300s and 440s by T. Houldsworth and Co., all of Manchester. The specimens of muslins made from cotton grown in Algeria were very suggestive, but none seemed to go beyond 180s.

In the French court was a most elegant exposition of tamboured work in net and muslin. M. V. Dubois, Paris, showed some admirably tamboured muslin curtains. The work is done with great ability. The foliation in one example was based on tropical plants, and the effect of some portions was very superb.

The contributions of cotton goods from Switzerland of goods manufactured for exportation say much for the ability and enterprise of the people.

The Belgian contributions in this class were of a very practical character.

Probably the most remarkable exhibit of cotton goods in the Austrian Department, consisted of shawls and other articles of ladies' dress, with neck overties for gentlemen, made of chenille and cotton.

The cotton goods of the Zollverein were cheap and strong clothing for working men. Some of these goods were made with a plushlike face, soft and downy, and, whilst the patterns and dyes are well selected and in excellent taste, the finish is equal to woollens of the same character.

Saxony had some useful exhibits of cotton.

The Milan Chamber of Commerce exhibited a series of useful fabrics in cotton. There wa also a curious, but we fear not a very practical illustration of the produce of Italy in raw cotton.

The only exhibitors of cotton goods from the United States were Gardner, Brewer, and Co., of Boston, Mass.

Three prize medals were awarded to exhibitors of raw cotton grown in New South Wales, and the same number to the exhibitors of the same material grown in Queensland.

Flax and Hemp.-This important section of textile industry presented few novelties. On the whole, the flax and hemp manufacture proper may be said to have been stationary

since 1851. The manufacture of jute has, however, progressed enormously, and it is stated that 40,000 tons of this material are now worked up annually in Scotland.

The foreign productions in flax and hemp were pretty much on a par with those of 1851. Among the flax machines exhibited was an improved Power Loom, by Harrison and Sons, Blackburn. It is supplied with a self-acting positive letting-off motion, which delivers the warp as required by the taking-up motion for the cloth, which motion is also positive. These two motions work in concert, and with such precision that the warp is delivered from the yarn beam with the same regularity when the beam is almost empty as when it is full. The taking-up roller of the loom is covered with a patented surfacing material instead of that in ordinary use, made of emery. It is also supplied with the weft-stopping motion, and other important appliances. A loom of this description is capable of weaving upward of 180 yards of linen per week.

Silk and Velvet.—The English silks made a great show in themselves, and there has been nothing yet displayed by foreigners which equals our best specimens of loom manufacture. Grant and Gask sent some gorgeous specimens of English made silk curtains, where the brocade fabric is interwoven with designs in spun glass, as fine as silk. These tissues-de-verre are of a similar manufacture to the hangings that are now in the throne room at St. James's, and which have been some thirty years in use, though still as bright as ever. Fry and Co., and Pim Brothers, exhibited every kind of poplin, either watered, embroidered, or figured. One of the best examples was a copy in white silk of the various forms of snow crystals worked on a blue ground, by which, of course, an almost endless diversity of beautiful little stars is obtained. Of silk, the most important manufacture of France, the finest specimens were from Lyons. In elaborately figured silks, France is unrivalled in the manufacture. MM. Schulz set out two pieces of white silk-the one embroidered with orchids, and the other with birds of paradise. The work was a perfect marvel; it was the most astonishing piece of silk in the whole exhibition; and along with it were shown 300 reels of thread of various tints, which had been required for the production of the figures.

The show of ribbons sent by Coventry was magnificent. There are apparently very few ribbons made anywhere in England but at Coventry-certainly none which can compare with them, either for fabric or design.

The most beautiful silk fabric which the French now make, and which is in common use, goes by the name of chiné. They excel all the world in this. The peculiarity of it is, that the pattern, which may display any amount of coloring, is printed on the warp and on the warp alone, and that as a consequence it appears, after the weaving has been completed, with a

vague and misty outline; to produce a good pattern by such means requires the nicest care.

Woollen and Worsted and Mixed Fabrics.In these great and important industries a most decided improvement is manifested in the general taste of the goods and perfection of dye and finish.

On the foreign side, France, Belgium, Austria, Prussia, and Saxony (the two latter as States of the Zollverein) exhibited largely and effectively alike in woollens and mixed fabrics; and marked improvements have taken place in certain directions. France has probably made the most decided improvement in the greater substantiality of her woollen cloths; in shawls and the more ornate mixed fabrics, her pre-eminence in certain points remained much the same.

Carpet Manufacture.-In carpets the exhibition is well represented, but there is but little novelty either in design or manufacture.

Tapestries of Gobelins and Beauvais-The tapestries of the imperial manufactory of Gobelins and of the sister institution of Beauvais at this very day are as highly prized as when the royal works were first established two centuries since. Their exhibit consisted of four tapestries and two carpets-the large central tapestry containing a full-length portrait figure, and the two carpets are from the parent institution (Gobelins), and the fruit pieces to the right and left from Beauvais.

The tapestries from Beauvais were in no way inferior to those of Gobelins; yet they differ so widely in character that a mere glance will suffice for the distinguishing between the works of the two manufactories. Those from Beauvais are of still life and fruit, while those from Gobelins are of an historical character.

Kamptulicon was exhibited by Taylor & Co., and is a floor cloth made of cork and India rubber. It is admirably adapted for all situations where the floor is damp, being exceedingly durable.

Printed and Dyed Fabrics.-Probably in no department of the whole exhibition has there been so thorough a change since 1851 as in that of printed fabrics: mousselines-de-laine, barèges, and other printed fabrics of kindred make having been superseded by alpacas, mohairs, and various light and elegant mixed fabrics. Nevertheless, the leading printers, both of Manchester and Glasgow, contributed little to the display. In the matter of design the great body of English and Scotch calico printers are pretty much where they were fifteen years ago.

The French printers made a great effort to completely illustrate everything they were doing, especially in the way of improvements in printed fabrics: the result was, they made a valuable display, and deservedly carried off the largest portion of the honors.

A systematic illustration of the various improvements in the chemistry of calico printing and dyeing since 1851 was given by Mr. Rum

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