Societal Evolution: A Study of the Evolutionary Basis of the Science of SocietyMacmillan, 1915 - Всего страниц: 338 |
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Стр. 19
... civilization . The height of a society's civiliza- tion thus becomes a measure of its members ' success in mental adaptation to the environ- ment in which it lives . - Physical adaptations can be observed , de- scribed , explained , and ...
... civilization . The height of a society's civiliza- tion thus becomes a measure of its members ' success in mental adaptation to the environ- ment in which it lives . - Physical adaptations can be observed , de- scribed , explained , and ...
Стр. 21
... civilization ( sum or synthe- sis of mental adaptations ) of any importance can be developed by individual or by limited group , in isolation . There must be contact and conflict of ideas , that their variations may be sifted out and a ...
... civilization ( sum or synthe- sis of mental adaptations ) of any importance can be developed by individual or by limited group , in isolation . There must be contact and conflict of ideas , that their variations may be sifted out and a ...
Стр. 22
... civilization in its aspect of " power over nature " is really adaptation , not mastery . We get the idea that man does not adapt to en- vironment , but adapts the environment to himself and his needs . But we attain no power over nature ...
... civilization in its aspect of " power over nature " is really adaptation , not mastery . We get the idea that man does not adapt to en- vironment , but adapts the environment to himself and his needs . But we attain no power over nature ...
Стр. 31
... civilization . But civilization is a matter of the development of inventions , systems , economies , and so on of what may be termed , in a broad sense , in- stitutions . In their developed form these in- stitutions are very complex and ...
... civilization . But civilization is a matter of the development of inventions , systems , economies , and so on of what may be termed , in a broad sense , in- stitutions . In their developed form these in- stitutions are very complex and ...
Стр. 38
... civilization ; and since we can scarcely fail to admit that the early stretches of the course of civilization are to be found in the folkways 38 SOCIETAL EVOLUTION.
... civilization ; and since we can scarcely fail to admit that the early stretches of the course of civilization are to be found in the folkways 38 SOCIETAL EVOLUTION.
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Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
acculturation adaptation advance altered animal artificialized environment become biogenetic law biologically fit Challenge of Facts character characteristic civilization classes colony conflict convention counterselection course Darwin Darwinian degree E. A. Ross economic effective elements Eskimo Essays ethnocentrism eugenics evolutionary example factors field folkways forces frontier society Galton habitudes Hence heredity Hindu-Arabic Numerals human idea illustration imitation inculcation individual industrial interests isolation labor land laws leprosy less life-conditions maintenance-mores marriage matter means ment mental mind mode natural environment natural selection phenomena political population present primitive race rational selection reactions realization reason religion rest sanction savage science of society scientific scientist secondary societal forms secure seen sense societal evolution societal selection societal self-maintenance Sociology sort stage standard of living struggle for existence Sumner tion tradition transmission urban code variation whole
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Стр. 5 - I find that my mind is so fixed by the inductive method that I cannot appreciate deductive reasoning: I must begin with a good body of facts and not from a principle (in which I always suspect some fallacy) and then as much deduction as you please.
Стр. 111 - The true grounds of decision are considerations of policy and of social advantage, and it is vain to suppose that solutions can be attained merely by logic and the general propositions of law which nobody disputes. Propositions as to public policy rarely are unanimously accepted, and still more rarely, if ever, are capable of unanswerable proof. They require a special training to enable any one even to form an intelligent opinion about them.
Стр. 35 - The folkways, therefore, are not creations of human purpose and wit. They are like products of natural force which men unconsciously set in operation, or they are like the instinctive ways of animals which are developed out of experience, which reach a final form of maximum adaptation to an interest, which are handed down by tradition and admit of no exception or variation, yet change to meet new conditions, still within the same limited methods, and without rational reflection or purpose.
Стр. 34 - The operation by which folkways are produced consists in the frequent repetition of petty acts, often by great numbers acting in concert or, at least, acting in the same way when face to face with the same need.
Стр. 6 - Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion; during which the matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coke-rent heterogeneity ; and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation.
Стр. 19 - If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.
Стр. 60 - If asked why they act in a certain way in certain cases, primitive people always answer that it is because they and their ancestors always have done so. A sanction also arises from ghost fear. The ghosts of ancestors would be angry if the living should change the ancient folkways.
Стр. 144 - The sound student of sociology can hold out to mankind, as individuals or as a race, only one hope of better and happier living. That hope lies in an enhancement of the industrial virtues and of the moral forces which thence arise.
Стр. 122 - Those who govern, having much business on their hands, do not generally like to take the trouble of considering and carrying into execution new projects. The best public measures are therefore seldom adopted from previous wisdom, but forced by the occasion.