Societal Evolution: A Study of the Evolutionary Basis of the Science of SocietyMacmillan, 1915 - Всего страниц: 338 |
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Стр. 21
... individual or by limited group , in isolation . There must be contact and conflict of ideas , that their variations may be sifted out and a residue of superior adapta- tions preserved . Civilization is a function of numbers and of the ...
... individual or by limited group , in isolation . There must be contact and conflict of ideas , that their variations may be sifted out and a residue of superior adapta- tions preserved . Civilization is a function of numbers and of the ...
Стр. 25
... individuals . But if we go to the facts , we find that human mating has never been uncontrolled . Among savages , who have no statutes , the taboo pro- scribes or prescribes so many different kinds of sex - unions that one almost comes ...
... individuals . But if we go to the facts , we find that human mating has never been uncontrolled . Among savages , who have no statutes , the taboo pro- scribes or prescribes so many different kinds of sex - unions that one almost comes ...
Стр. 34
... individual matter , but one of societies . It is easy to show , even from in- stances derived from the animal world , that association is in many cases an important ad- vantage in the pursuit of the struggle for exist- ence , and so ...
... individual matter , but one of societies . It is easy to show , even from in- stances derived from the animal world , that association is in many cases an important ad- vantage in the pursuit of the struggle for exist- ence , and so ...
Стр. 35
... individual and custom in the group . It is , therefore , in the highest degree original and primitive . By habit and custom it exerts a strain on every individual within its range ; therefore it rises to a societal force to which great ...
... individual and custom in the group . It is , therefore , in the highest degree original and primitive . By habit and custom it exerts a strain on every individual within its range ; therefore it rises to a societal force to which great ...
Стр. 36
... individual and customs for the group , but these results are consequences which were never conscious , and never foreseen or intended . They are not noticed until they have long existed , and it is still longer before they are ...
... individual and customs for the group , but these results are consequences which were never conscious , and never foreseen or intended . They are not noticed until they have long existed , and it is still longer before they are ...
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Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
acculturation adaptation advance altered animal artificialized environment become biogenetic law biologically fit Challenge of Facts character characteristic civilization classes colony conflict convention counterselection course Darwin Darwinian degree E. A. Ross economic effective elements Eskimo Essays ethnocentrism eugenics evolutionary example factors field folkways forces frontier society Galton habitudes Hence heredity Hindu-Arabic Numerals human idea illustration imitation inculcation individual industrial interests isolation labor land laws leprosy less life-conditions maintenance-mores marriage matter means ment mental mind mode natural environment natural selection phenomena political population present primitive race rational selection reactions realization reason religion rest sanction savage science of society scientific scientist secondary societal forms secure seen sense societal evolution societal selection societal self-maintenance Sociology sort stage standard of living struggle for existence Sumner tion tradition transmission urban code variation whole
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Стр. 5 - I find that my mind is so fixed by the inductive method that I cannot appreciate deductive reasoning: I must begin with a good body of facts and not from a principle (in which I always suspect some fallacy) and then as much deduction as you please.
Стр. 111 - The true grounds of decision are considerations of policy and of social advantage, and it is vain to suppose that solutions can be attained merely by logic and the general propositions of law which nobody disputes. Propositions as to public policy rarely are unanimously accepted, and still more rarely, if ever, are capable of unanswerable proof. They require a special training to enable any one even to form an intelligent opinion about them.
Стр. 35 - The folkways, therefore, are not creations of human purpose and wit. They are like products of natural force which men unconsciously set in operation, or they are like the instinctive ways of animals which are developed out of experience, which reach a final form of maximum adaptation to an interest, which are handed down by tradition and admit of no exception or variation, yet change to meet new conditions, still within the same limited methods, and without rational reflection or purpose.
Стр. 34 - The operation by which folkways are produced consists in the frequent repetition of petty acts, often by great numbers acting in concert or, at least, acting in the same way when face to face with the same need.
Стр. 6 - Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion; during which the matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coke-rent heterogeneity ; and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation.
Стр. 19 - If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.
Стр. 60 - If asked why they act in a certain way in certain cases, primitive people always answer that it is because they and their ancestors always have done so. A sanction also arises from ghost fear. The ghosts of ancestors would be angry if the living should change the ancient folkways.
Стр. 144 - The sound student of sociology can hold out to mankind, as individuals or as a race, only one hope of better and happier living. That hope lies in an enhancement of the industrial virtues and of the moral forces which thence arise.
Стр. 122 - Those who govern, having much business on their hands, do not generally like to take the trouble of considering and carrying into execution new projects. The best public measures are therefore seldom adopted from previous wisdom, but forced by the occasion.