Societal Evolution: A Study of the Evolutionary Basis of the Science of SocietyMacmillan, 1915 - Всего страниц: 338 |
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Стр. 4
... knowledge , a thing to be discussed by way of formal logic and specula- tion rather than proved and used over and over again as a scientific verity . It is no tool of research . If social scientists use the terms variation , selection ...
... knowledge , a thing to be discussed by way of formal logic and specula- tion rather than proved and used over and over again as a scientific verity . It is no tool of research . If social scientists use the terms variation , selection ...
Стр. 46
... knowledge to ignore so vague a quantity and to treat the whole matter objectively under the topics of selection and of transmission by contagion.1 Conscious variation within lines allowed by the folkways is now called experimentation ...
... knowledge to ignore so vague a quantity and to treat the whole matter objectively under the topics of selection and of transmission by contagion.1 Conscious variation within lines allowed by the folkways is now called experimentation ...
Стр. 95
... knowledge , could now be given for such action . But even this does not mean that there was in that ruder time any genuinely rational selection , deliber- ately applied . Even in the most modern of cases it is most difficult to be ...
... knowledge , could now be given for such action . But even this does not mean that there was in that ruder time any genuinely rational selection , deliber- ately applied . Even in the most modern of cases it is most difficult to be ...
Стр. 96
... knowledge . The more extended and precise the knowledge , the more rational may be the selection . In order to choose rationally among variations arising in the mores , there is need of a perspective of the course of the mores . But ...
... knowledge . The more extended and precise the knowledge , the more rational may be the selection . In order to choose rationally among variations arising in the mores , there is need of a perspective of the course of the mores . But ...
Стр. 97
... one gets as far as possible outside of the mores of his time and local group , and wins a vantage - ground from which to pass rational judgment on the H code . Knowledge about the laws of nature and of RATIONAL SELECTION 97.
... one gets as far as possible outside of the mores of his time and local group , and wins a vantage - ground from which to pass rational judgment on the H code . Knowledge about the laws of nature and of RATIONAL SELECTION 97.
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Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
acculturation adaptation advance altered animal artificialized environment become biogenetic law biologically fit Challenge of Facts character characteristic civilization classes colony conflict convention counterselection course Darwin Darwinian degree E. A. Ross economic effective elements Eskimo Essays ethnocentrism eugenics evolutionary example factors field folkways forces frontier society Galton habitudes Hence heredity Hindu-Arabic Numerals human idea illustration imitation inculcation individual industrial interests isolation labor land laws leprosy less life-conditions maintenance-mores marriage matter means ment mental mind mode natural environment natural selection phenomena political population present primitive race rational selection reactions realization reason religion rest sanction savage science of society scientific scientist secondary societal forms secure seen sense societal evolution societal selection societal self-maintenance Sociology sort stage standard of living struggle for existence Sumner tion tradition transmission urban code variation whole
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Стр. 5 - I find that my mind is so fixed by the inductive method that I cannot appreciate deductive reasoning: I must begin with a good body of facts and not from a principle (in which I always suspect some fallacy) and then as much deduction as you please.
Стр. 111 - The true grounds of decision are considerations of policy and of social advantage, and it is vain to suppose that solutions can be attained merely by logic and the general propositions of law which nobody disputes. Propositions as to public policy rarely are unanimously accepted, and still more rarely, if ever, are capable of unanswerable proof. They require a special training to enable any one even to form an intelligent opinion about them.
Стр. 35 - The folkways, therefore, are not creations of human purpose and wit. They are like products of natural force which men unconsciously set in operation, or they are like the instinctive ways of animals which are developed out of experience, which reach a final form of maximum adaptation to an interest, which are handed down by tradition and admit of no exception or variation, yet change to meet new conditions, still within the same limited methods, and without rational reflection or purpose.
Стр. 34 - The operation by which folkways are produced consists in the frequent repetition of petty acts, often by great numbers acting in concert or, at least, acting in the same way when face to face with the same need.
Стр. 6 - Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion; during which the matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coke-rent heterogeneity ; and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation.
Стр. 19 - If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.
Стр. 60 - If asked why they act in a certain way in certain cases, primitive people always answer that it is because they and their ancestors always have done so. A sanction also arises from ghost fear. The ghosts of ancestors would be angry if the living should change the ancient folkways.
Стр. 144 - The sound student of sociology can hold out to mankind, as individuals or as a race, only one hope of better and happier living. That hope lies in an enhancement of the industrial virtues and of the moral forces which thence arise.
Стр. 122 - Those who govern, having much business on their hands, do not generally like to take the trouble of considering and carrying into execution new projects. The best public measures are therefore seldom adopted from previous wisdom, but forced by the occasion.