Societal Evolution: A Study of the Evolutionary Basis of the Science of SocietyMacmillan, 1915 - Всего страниц: 338 |
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Стр. 22
... representing methods of escaping the fatal sweep of natural selection . Plants and animals exhibit structural modifications , while with man it is his ideas which enable him to oppose or evade the selective forces ( starva- tion ...
... representing methods of escaping the fatal sweep of natural selection . Plants and animals exhibit structural modifications , while with man it is his ideas which enable him to oppose or evade the selective forces ( starva- tion ...
Стр. 31
... represented in the conventions , particularly in those of primitive peoples , of which we have been talking . Now here ... represent the lowest terms or matrix of the institutions , whose aggregate , civiliza- tion or culture , we have ...
... represented in the conventions , particularly in those of primitive peoples , of which we have been talking . Now here ... represent the lowest terms or matrix of the institutions , whose aggregate , civiliza- tion or culture , we have ...
Стр. 56
... represent it as so doing ; as , for example , when we speak of the conflict between conservatism and radicalism , religion and science , and so on . The real struggle is between the adherents or exponents of the mores in question , and ...
... represent it as so doing ; as , for example , when we speak of the conflict between conservatism and radicalism , religion and science , and so on . The real struggle is between the adherents or exponents of the mores in question , and ...
Стр. 64
... represent the residue from such rude tests , involving the virtual extirpation of the losers , with the resultant elimination of many variant codes . Milder forms of selection seem never to have gotten the results ; but the war selec ...
... represent the residue from such rude tests , involving the virtual extirpation of the losers , with the resultant elimination of many variant codes . Milder forms of selection seem never to have gotten the results ; but the war selec ...
Стр. 96
... represent to himself future contingencies and plan to meet them , and not as yet in possession of a store of experience out of the past . If he thinks of the past , it is in the light of the code of the ancestors ; if he questions the ...
... represent to himself future contingencies and plan to meet them , and not as yet in possession of a store of experience out of the past . If he thinks of the past , it is in the light of the code of the ancestors ; if he questions the ...
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Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
acculturation adaptation advance altered animal artificialized environment become biogenetic law biologically fit Challenge of Facts character characteristic civilization classes colony conflict convention counterselection course Darwin Darwinian degree E. A. Ross economic effective elements Eskimo Essays ethnocentrism eugenics evolutionary example factors field folkways forces frontier society Galton habitudes Hence heredity Hindu-Arabic Numerals human idea illustration imitation inculcation individual industrial interests isolation labor land laws leprosy less life-conditions maintenance-mores marriage matter means ment mental mind mode natural environment natural selection phenomena political population present primitive race rational selection reactions realization reason religion rest sanction savage science of society scientific scientist secondary societal forms secure seen sense societal evolution societal selection societal self-maintenance Sociology sort stage standard of living struggle for existence Sumner tion tradition transmission urban code variation whole
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Стр. 5 - I find that my mind is so fixed by the inductive method that I cannot appreciate deductive reasoning: I must begin with a good body of facts and not from a principle (in which I always suspect some fallacy) and then as much deduction as you please.
Стр. 111 - The true grounds of decision are considerations of policy and of social advantage, and it is vain to suppose that solutions can be attained merely by logic and the general propositions of law which nobody disputes. Propositions as to public policy rarely are unanimously accepted, and still more rarely, if ever, are capable of unanswerable proof. They require a special training to enable any one even to form an intelligent opinion about them.
Стр. 35 - The folkways, therefore, are not creations of human purpose and wit. They are like products of natural force which men unconsciously set in operation, or they are like the instinctive ways of animals which are developed out of experience, which reach a final form of maximum adaptation to an interest, which are handed down by tradition and admit of no exception or variation, yet change to meet new conditions, still within the same limited methods, and without rational reflection or purpose.
Стр. 34 - The operation by which folkways are produced consists in the frequent repetition of petty acts, often by great numbers acting in concert or, at least, acting in the same way when face to face with the same need.
Стр. 6 - Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion; during which the matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coke-rent heterogeneity ; and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation.
Стр. 19 - If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.
Стр. 60 - If asked why they act in a certain way in certain cases, primitive people always answer that it is because they and their ancestors always have done so. A sanction also arises from ghost fear. The ghosts of ancestors would be angry if the living should change the ancient folkways.
Стр. 144 - The sound student of sociology can hold out to mankind, as individuals or as a race, only one hope of better and happier living. That hope lies in an enhancement of the industrial virtues and of the moral forces which thence arise.
Стр. 122 - Those who govern, having much business on their hands, do not generally like to take the trouble of considering and carrying into execution new projects. The best public measures are therefore seldom adopted from previous wisdom, but forced by the occasion.