Societal Evolution: A Study of the Evolutionary Basis of the Science of SocietyMacmillan, 1915 - Всего страниц: 338 |
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Стр. vi
... rest upon a clear understand- ing , even though it be but a layman's , of the Darwinian theory . Then came the question as to the validity of extending Darwinism and its terminology to the life of human society . As to this matter , I ...
... rest upon a clear understand- ing , even though it be but a layman's , of the Darwinian theory . Then came the question as to the validity of extending Darwinism and its terminology to the life of human society . As to this matter , I ...
Стр. 12
... rest . In 1900 there was an attempt on the part of three noted natural scientists , Professors Haeckel , Conrad , and Fraas , to elicit a work upon the topic : " Was lernen wir aus den Prinzipien der Descendenz - Theorie in Beziehung ...
... rest . In 1900 there was an attempt on the part of three noted natural scientists , Professors Haeckel , Conrad , and Fraas , to elicit a work upon the topic : " Was lernen wir aus den Prinzipien der Descendenz - Theorie in Beziehung ...
Стр. 14
... rest of the field . It is clear enough that the idea of taking the issue up as it is done here of exploring the nature of social variation , social selection , social transmission , and social adaptation was suggested by the Darwinian ...
... rest of the field . It is clear enough that the idea of taking the issue up as it is done here of exploring the nature of social variation , social selection , social transmission , and social adaptation was suggested by the Darwinian ...
Стр. 25
... rest largely upon personal choice , to be mainly a matter of chance . Marriage , we are told , is a lottery . Indeed , the poetically inclined go further and sing in inspired strain about how wrong it is to stand in the way of the ...
... rest largely upon personal choice , to be mainly a matter of chance . Marriage , we are told , is a lottery . Indeed , the poetically inclined go further and sing in inspired strain about how wrong it is to stand in the way of the ...
Стр. 39
... rest of the body from the necessity of structural adapta- tion ; that the human mode of adaptation is thus mental , and that it is also social ; that the measure of human adaptation is the degree of civilization attained ; that the ...
... rest of the body from the necessity of structural adapta- tion ; that the human mode of adaptation is thus mental , and that it is also social ; that the measure of human adaptation is the degree of civilization attained ; that the ...
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acculturation adaptation advance altered animal artificialized environment become biogenetic law biologically fit Challenge of Facts character characteristic civilization classes colony conflict convention counterselection course Darwin Darwinian degree E. A. Ross economic effective elements Eskimo Essays ethnocentrism eugenics evolutionary example factors field folkways forces frontier society Galton habitudes Hence heredity Hindu-Arabic Numerals human idea illustration imitation inculcation individual industrial interests isolation labor land laws leprosy less life-conditions maintenance-mores marriage matter means ment mental mind mode natural environment natural selection phenomena political population present primitive race rational selection reactions realization reason religion rest sanction savage science of society scientific scientist secondary societal forms secure seen sense societal evolution societal selection societal self-maintenance Sociology sort stage standard of living struggle for existence Sumner tion tradition transmission urban code variation whole
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Стр. 5 - I find that my mind is so fixed by the inductive method that I cannot appreciate deductive reasoning: I must begin with a good body of facts and not from a principle (in which I always suspect some fallacy) and then as much deduction as you please.
Стр. 111 - The true grounds of decision are considerations of policy and of social advantage, and it is vain to suppose that solutions can be attained merely by logic and the general propositions of law which nobody disputes. Propositions as to public policy rarely are unanimously accepted, and still more rarely, if ever, are capable of unanswerable proof. They require a special training to enable any one even to form an intelligent opinion about them.
Стр. 35 - The folkways, therefore, are not creations of human purpose and wit. They are like products of natural force which men unconsciously set in operation, or they are like the instinctive ways of animals which are developed out of experience, which reach a final form of maximum adaptation to an interest, which are handed down by tradition and admit of no exception or variation, yet change to meet new conditions, still within the same limited methods, and without rational reflection or purpose.
Стр. 34 - The operation by which folkways are produced consists in the frequent repetition of petty acts, often by great numbers acting in concert or, at least, acting in the same way when face to face with the same need.
Стр. 6 - Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion; during which the matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coke-rent heterogeneity ; and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation.
Стр. 19 - If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.
Стр. 60 - If asked why they act in a certain way in certain cases, primitive people always answer that it is because they and their ancestors always have done so. A sanction also arises from ghost fear. The ghosts of ancestors would be angry if the living should change the ancient folkways.
Стр. 144 - The sound student of sociology can hold out to mankind, as individuals or as a race, only one hope of better and happier living. That hope lies in an enhancement of the industrial virtues and of the moral forces which thence arise.
Стр. 122 - Those who govern, having much business on their hands, do not generally like to take the trouble of considering and carrying into execution new projects. The best public measures are therefore seldom adopted from previous wisdom, but forced by the occasion.