timer are condemned as "obstinate heretics," and are burnt near Balliol College, Oct. 16. Cranmer is remanded to prison.

The parliament meets, Oct. 21.

Commissioners appointed to restore and re-edify castles and towns in the northern counties [2 & 3 Phil. & Mar. c. 1.]

Tenths and first-fruits restored to the Church, [c. 4.] Former statutes for the relief of the poor confirmed and amended, [c. 5.]

Sir Anthony Kingston, a member of the Commons, is imprisoned by the council for his conduct in parliament d.

Cardinal Pole, having the royal license, holds a synod, at which canons are drawn up for reforming the state of the Church.

Dr. Story and others are commissioned to restore the roodlofts, crucifixes, and images in the churches.

Gardiner, bishop of Winchester and lord chancellor, dies at Whitehall, Nov. 12e.

A.D. 1556. The archbishop of York is appointed lord chancellor, Jan. 1.

William Chamberlain, or Constable, a youth who had

Where the poor were particularly numerous they might be licensed to beg; and sums gathered in London for their relief were to be paid to and disbursed by Christ's Hospital.

d He was discharged after a fortnight's confinement, but being afterwards accused of a design to rob the Exchequer, he was apprehended, and died on his way to London. His alleged confederates, John Throckmorton (brother of Sir Nicholas) and seven others were found guilty and executed.

His body was wrapped in lead and placed in a vault in the church of St Mary Overy, Southwark, where it remained until near the end of February, 1556, when it was removed with much pomp and buried at Winchester. Whilst it rested at St. Mary's, the rich velvet pall was stolen from the coffin.

personated the deceased king, Edward VI., is executed, March 13.

Cranmer is tampered with in prison, and recants; he is yet ordered for execution by writ dated Feb. 24; after a further delay he is burnt at Oxford, March 21.

Trinity College, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas Popes, March 18.

Some persons were examined by the council as long back as Nov. 1553, for spreading a report of King Edward being alive. Chamberlain was the son of a miller in the north, and had been in the service of Sir Peter Meautys, who was himself imprisoned in 1555; he had before confessed his imposture, and been dismissed with a whipping, on a promise of repairing to his own country, which it seems he had not done.

5 This deserves notice, as the first college founded in either University by an individual since the Reformation. On its site were some ruined buildings of Durham college, a foundation of the latter part of

Tomb of Sir Thomas Pope, in Trinity College Chapel.

the 13th century, which had been shortly before granted to Dr. George Owen and William Martyn, and were purchased from them by Sir Thomas Pope. He had been educated at Eton, was a lawyer,

Cardinal Pole is consecrated archbishop of Canterbury, March 22h. He publicly assumes the functions of papal legate, March 28.

Richard Uvedale, governor of Yarmouth castle, in the Isle of Wight, is convicted of treason, April 21, and executed April 28.

A commission granted to Bonner and others (Sept. 23) to search for and collect all records of the visitations of the monasteries, and deliver them to the cardinal, "that they might be disposed of as the queen should orderk."

The abbey of Westminster formally re-established, Nov. 21; John Feckenham, or Howman, late dean of St. Paul's, is installed as abbot.

A.D. 1557. Cardinal Pole holds a visitation of the Universities, when English Bibles and books containing "heretical opinions" are destroyed. The body of Peter Martyr's wife is removed from its grave at Oxford, but re-interred through defect of legal evidence as to her creed; at Cambridge the bodies of Bucer and Fagius

who had formerly fled to France, and to whom the plunder o. the Exchequer (see p. 243) was intended to be sent. John Throckmorton was tried and executed with him.

They appear to have been destroyed, as very few are now known to exist.

1 She could not speak English, and therefore testimony as to her religious opinions was not procurable.

are taken

Feb. 6.

up, their teaching testified to, and then burntm,

A commission issued, Feb. 8, to Bonner and others, to inquire rigorously concerning "devilish and clamorous persons," who spread seditious reports or brought in "heretical and seditious books;" they had also full power over those who neglected or contemned the Church ceremonies, and "vagabonds and masterless men "."

Osep Napea, the first ambassador from Russia, arrives in London, Feb. 28°, and makes a commercial treaty. St. John's College, Oxford, founded, by Sir Thomas White P, March 5.

The queen declares war against France, in support of her husband Philip, June 7.

This revolting act seems to have been forced on Pole's commissioners by the bigotry of the bishop of Chester (Cuthbert Scott) and some members of the University.

" They were empowered to fine, imprison, or "otherwise punish,"at their pleasure; charges of "heretical acts or opinions" they were to remit to the spiritual courts. These commissioners became exceedingly odious, as they were looked on as the precursors of the establishment of the Inquisition.

• He had left Archangel, July 28, 1556, in a ship belonging to the English merchants (see p. 239), but suffered shipwreck on the coast of Scotland, when Richard Chancellor, his conductor, was drowned. P He was a Muscovy merchant, who had been twice lord mayor of London, and was knighted for his services in

suppressing Wyatt's rebellion. His foundation occupies the site of St. Bernard's College, an educational establishment of the Cistercians, founded by Archbishop Chicheley. Sir Thomas White died in 1567, and was buried in the chapel of his college; his funeral oration was delivered by Edmund Campion, afterwards the celebrated Jesuit.

a Philip had long before endeavoured to in

Oxford.

duce the queen to take this step, but she de- Arms of St. John's College, clined it until her states were attacked by a force fitted out by the refugees in France. Thomas Stafford landed with a party in Yorkshire, and seized Scarborough castle, April 25; he issued a proclamation reviling the queen, and styling himself protector of the kingdom. He was soon captured and brought to Lon

The Spaniards defeat the French at St. Quentin, Aug. 10, being assisted by some English troops.

The French incite the Scots to invade England.

The order of knights of St. John of Jerusalem reestablished; Sir Thomas Tresham made lord prior of England, Nov. 30.

A.D. 1558. The French, under the duke of Guise, invest Calais. The castles of Newenham bridge and Ruysbank are abandoned, Jan. 3; the duke then besieges the castle of Calais, which surrenders, Jan. 6; the town capitulates the next days. The French then advance to Guines, which, after a stout defence by Lord Grey, is taken, Jan. 21, and the only remaining fort in Hammes

don, where, with five of his associates, he was tried, May 22 and 25; they all pleaded guilty (one, John Sherlles, a Frenchman, at first pleaded not guilty, but retracted his plea); Stafford was beheaded on Tower-hill, and three others executed at Tyburn (Stowell, Proctor, and Bradford) May 28; Sherlles and Saunders were pardoned. ⚫ See p. 190.

Lord Wentworth and fifty others were to remain as prisoners; the rest of the English, about 4,000 in number, were to go where they would. The French at once entered the town, "and forthwith," says Grafton, "all the men, women, and children were commanded to leave their houses, and to go unto certain places appointed for them, there to remain till order were further taken for their sending away. The places appointed for them to remain in were chiefly four, the two churches of Our Lady and St. Nicholas, the deputy's house, and the Staple, where they rested part of that day, the night following, and the next day till the afternoon. And while they were thus in these four places, proclamation was made in their hearings, straitly charging them that were inhabitants of the town of Calais, having about them any money, plate, or jewels, to the value of fourpence, to bring the same forthwith, and lay it on the high altars of the said churches upon pain of death, bearing them in hand they should be searched. By reason of which proclamation there was made a sorrowful offering; and while they were at this offering in the churches, the Frenchmen rifled their houses, where they found inestimable riches and treasure." After this the English were expelled from the town, in several parties, but they were kindly treated by the Scottish horsemen in the duke's army, who guarded them through the French camp, and protected them from the insolence of the victors.