GALLIARD (gal yard), a brisk, gay
man: also, a dance."
GARRULOUS (gårʼroo-lus).

GASCA, PEDRO DE, born in Castile,
Spain, 1497, was sent to Peru, 1545,
and died in Valladolid, 1567. See
p. 163.

GENIUS (jene'yus or jeꞌni-us).
GIBBON, EDWARD, the historian of
the decline and fall of the Roman
empire, was born in Surrey, Eng-
land, in 1737, and died in London,
1794. His style is somewhat ornate,
and his diction gives evidence of a
partiality for the French language.
His history is hostile to Christianity,
but his objections have been well
answered by Rev. Dr. Milman in
his edition of Gibbon's great work.
GILES (pronounced jilez).
GLORY (glore'ry).

GOETHE (gher'ta), JOHANN WOLF-
GANG VON, was born at Frankfort-
on-the-Main, in Germany, 1749;
died at Weimar, 1832. His is one
of the most celebrated names in
European literature. As poet, nov-
elist, philosopher, he was alike emi-
nent. See p. 210.

GOLDSMITH, OLIVER, the son of an
Irish curate, was born 1728, died
1774. He was the friend of Dr.
Johuson, and his life has been writ-
ten by Washington Irving. As a
poet, dramatist, and novelist, he ex-
hibited noble talents and gained a
great reputation. Gentle, generous,
and good-hearted, he was at the
same time irresolute, vain, and im-
provident.

GONE (gon or gawn).
GRACCHI (grak'ki).

Two brothers,
frequently mentioned in the history
of ancient Rome. Sprung from the
aristocracy, they yet nobly devoted
themselves to the rescue of popular
liberty. Tiberius Sempronius Grac-
chus, the elder brother, was slain
B. C. 133. Caius Sempronius Grac-
chus, nine years younger than Ti-
berius, perished B. C. 121, at the
age of thirty-three.
GRATTAN, HENRY, an Irish statesman
and orator, was born in Dublin, 1750.
His fiery eloquence, guided by good
taste and strong judgment, gave him
a commanding influence. He died
1820. See Madden's account of
his oratory, p. 277; extracts from
speeches, pp. 56, 70, 144, 310.
GRAY, THOMAS, the son of a scrivener,
was born in London, 1716. To the

love of a good mother he was in-
debted for a superior education. His
life was spent chiefly at the univer-
sity of Cambridge, amid his favorite
studies. Here, like a monk in his
cell, he read and wrote untiringly.
He was a man of ardent affections,
of sincere piety, and practical benev-
olence. Of his scanty poems the

Elegy in a Country Churchyard
is the most famous. Corrected and
re-corrected line by line, it yet
shows no sign of elaboration; its
melancholy grace is the perfection
of art. There are writers with
whom a slovenly style stands for
nature, and rude unpruned stanzas
for the fairest growths of poetry.
Gray was not of these. His classi-
cally formed taste was too pure and
too fastidious to be content with
any but carefully polished verses.
His chief prose writings are letters,
written in a clear, picturesque style.
He died of gout, 1771. See Elegy,
p. 189.

GRIFFIN, GERALD, a novelist and
poet, was born in Limerick, Ireland,
1803. Emigrating to London, he
became a reporter for the press, and
subsequently an author. He wrote
"The Collegians," a novel, several
poems, and a tragedy, founded on a
Grecian story. All these works
display remarkable powers. In
1838 he joined the Christian Broth-
erhood (Catholic), but in 1840 died
of fever. See p. 156.
GROVELING or GROVELLING.
GUARDIAN (gard′i-an).
GUIDE (ghide).
GUIZE (ghize).

GUIZOT (gwe-zo), F. P. G., a French
statesman and writer, was born at
Nismes, 1787, of a Protestant family.
He is the author of a History of
the English Revolution," Shake-
speare and his Times," a brief me-
moir of Washington, "Moral Medi-
tations and Studies," &c. He was
a member of the cabinet of king
Louis Phillipe, after whose fall he
retired from public life. See 100.
GUTTURAL (gut'ur-al), formed in the

throat.

HA'BE-AS CORPUS (Latin, have the
body), a writ to a jailer to produce
his prisoner in court, or for removing
a person from one court to another.
See p. 260.
HASTINGS, WARREN, was born in
England, in 1733. In 1774 he was

appointed governor-general of Ben-
gal. For his conduct in office his
impeachment was moved by Burke,
April 4th, 1786. The trial began in
1788, and did not terminate till 1795.
He was acquitted, and died 1818.
See extract from Burke's speech,
p. 65.

HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL, an Ameri-
can writer of rare and peculiar
genius, was born in Salem, Massa-
chusetts, about the year 1807, and
graduated at Bowdoin College, in
1825. A man of sensitive nature
and secluded habits, one of his first
productions was a tale, entitled
The Gentle Boy," which was pub-
lished anonymously. His reputa-
tion gradually widened, until, in
1850, his "Scarlet Letter" placed
him among the foremost of the im-
aginative writers of his day. This
work was followed by "The House
of Seven Gables," "The Blithedale
Romance." "The Marble Faun,"
"Our Old Home," and several
minor productions, all marked by
singular beauty and felicity of
style, and by a vigor and originality
of invention, which distinguished
him signally among contemporary
authors. He died in Plymouth, N.
H., May 19, 1864. See p. 315.
HEARTH (härth).

HEATHER (beth'er or heth'er).
HEAVEN (hev'vn).

HE BE, in Grecian mythology, was the
goddess of youth, whose office it
was to hand round the nectar at the
banquets of the gods.

HECUBA, the wife of Priam, king of

Troy. On the capture of Troy she
was carried away as a slave by the
Greeks.

HEIGHT or HIGHT.

HEL'I-CON, a celebrated range of
mountains in Boeotia. Here sprang
the celebrated fountains, Aganippe
and Hippocrene, sacred to the Mu-

ses.

HELM (not helum).

HEMANS, FELICIA, was born at Liver-

pool, 1793, and was the daughter of
a merchant. Her maiden name was
Browne. Her youth was spent in
Wales. Her marriage with Captain
Hemans was far from happy. Ap-
pearing before the public as a poet-
ess in her 15th year, she continued
at intervals to produce works of ex-
quisite grace and tenderness, until
some three weeks before her death,!

which took place in Dublin, 1835.
Her death-bed was an affecting scene
of Christian fortitude, resignation,
and hope. Mrs. Hemans will be
best known by her smaller poems,
some of which are remarkable for
lyrical spirit and beauty. Had she
not been compelled by circumstan-
ces to write hastily, and for pay, she
would probably have done things
far more worthy of her undoubted
genius, and left unwritten much
that will not add to her fame. See
pp. 218, 565, 297, 319.
HENCHMAN, a page, a servant.
HENRY, PATRICK, an American orator

and statesman, was born in Virginia,
in 1736. His early life was spent in
poverty, and his means of education
were limited. He was one of the
delegates to the first general Con-
gress of the Colonies, and distin-
guished himself in that body by his
boldness and eloquence. He died
1799. His life was written by Wm.
Wirt. See pp. 401, 460.
HERBAGE (herb'- or erb'-).
HERO (here'ro or heʼro).
HESSIAN, relating to Hesse in Ger

many.

HOARD (hōrd).

HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, an emi、
nent American poet and humorist
was born in Cambridge, Mass.. 1809,
and graduated at Harvard College,
1829. Some of his earliest produc-
tions were published in "The Col-
legian," edited by John O. Sargent
and others. Choosing medicine as
a profession, he visited Europe; re-
turned and distinguished himself as
a lecturer to medical students. But
circumstances gradually drew him
back to the exercise of those talents
with which he was peculiarly en-
dowed; and medicine finally had
to give way to literature. When
the Atlantic Monthly" was started
in 1855, Holmes became a leading
contributor, and his writings did
much to give position and circula-
tion to the Magazine. Here his
"Autocrat of the Breakfast Table,"
and his novel of "Elsie Venner"
first appeared. As a poet, Holmes
is distinguished by his cleanly cut,
sculpturesque style, never vague or
hazy, by the subtle grace and felicity
of his diction, and by the appropri-
ateness and beauty of his poetical
imagery. As a humorist, he stands
first among American writers. He

is a ready and accomplished speak-
er, and his thorough scientific cul-
ture gives added strength to his liter-
ary accomplishments. See pp. 32,
215, 417.

HOMER, the great poet of antiquity,
born about B. C. 1044. He appears
to have been an Asiatic Greek. He
wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey.
See an extract from the foriner, p.

286.
HOOD, THOMAS, the son of a book-
seller in London, was born there in
1798. He learned the art of engrav-
ing; but in 1821, having already
contributed fugitive papers to peri-
odicals, he became sub-editor of the
London Magazine, and for the rest
of his life was an author by profes-
sion. His career was that of an
honorable, kindly, industrious man,
who was never able to raise himself
above the necessity of toiling for a
livelihood; and who, long suffering
under ill health, continued bravely,
even on his death-bed, his efforts to
provide for his wife and children.
His wild and vigorous 66 Song of
the Shirt" was written shortly be-
fore his death, which took place in
1845. As a punster, Hood was in-
imitable. He could twist language
into every comical shape of pun and
quibble; but wit was not his best
quality: he possessed sterling be-
nevolence and genial philanthropy,
and could move the best feelings
of our nature by genuine tender-
ness and compassion. See pp. 53,

410.

HOSTLER (hos'lur or os'ler).

HOUSEWIFE (huz' wif or hous'wife).
HOVEL (hov'el, - not huvvl).
HOWE, SIR WM., commanded the
British forces at the battle of Bun-
ker Hill, but the next spring was
compelled by Washington to evacu-
ate Boston. In 1776 he gained the
battle of Long Island, and occupied
New York. He died 1814.
HULKS, old or dismasted ships, used as
prisons.

TULL, ISAAC, a commodore in the
American navy; commanded the
frigate Constitution in her encounter
with the Guerrière. Died 1843.
HUMBLE (hum'bl or um'bl).
HUMOR (hu'mur or yoo'mur).
HUNDRED (hun'dred).

HUNT, ROBERT, a self-made man of
science, was born at Devonport,
England, in 1807. His best known

works are "Researches on Light,"
"The Poetry of Science,"
99 66 Elemen-
tary Physics." See p. 283.
HURRAH (hoor-räh').

HY'DRA, the fabulous many-headed
monster, slain by Her'cu-les.
HYMENEAL, (hi-men-e'al).
IAGO (e-ah'go).

I'AMB or I-AM'BIC, a poetical foot; in
Latin, a long and short syllable; in
English, an unaccented and an ac-
cented.

IDEA (i-de'a,- --not i-dee).
IMAGERY (im-aje-ry or im'a-jĕr-y).
IM'PROVISE (-vize).
IND (Ind), a contraction of India.
INDIAN (ind'yan or in'de-an).
INGRATE (in'grate or in-grate').
INFANTILE (in'fant-11).
INHERENT (in-here'ent).
INQUIRY (in-quireʼry).
INSATIATE (in-sa'sh'āte).
IRVING, WASHINGTON, was born in
the city of New York, April 3, 1783.
His father was a native of Scotland,
his mother an English woman. Irv-
ing began his literary efforts by con-
tributing to a newspaper, edited by
his brother. He visited Europe in
1804; returned home, and after
coquetting with the law, became a
partner in a mercantile house. Mis-
fortunes ensuing, while on a second
visit to Europe, he took up literature
as a profession. In 1819 appeared
"The Sketch Book," which at once
gave him a reputation that enabled
him to command high prices from
publishers. "Bracebridge Hall,"

Tales of a Traveller," "The Life
of Columbus," and other works of a
sterling character succeeded, the
sale of which continues large. In
1842 he was appointed minister to
Spain. Returning to his native
country in 1847, he settled at his
beautiful little place on the Hudson,
and devoted himself to the life
which Thackeray has so genially
described (p. 351). His last literary
production was his admirable "Life
of Washington." The style of Irv-
ing is pure, luminous, and graceful;
correct without effort, at once ele-
gant and easy. While in England
he enjoyed the greatest considera-
tion and popularity. Oxford con-
ferred on him a doctorate and a
public dinner; and George the
Fourth's fifty-guinea gold medal,
for eminence in historical
position, was awarded him.

com-

He

died 1859. See pp. 108, 211,

351.

ISSUE (ish'shoo or ish'oo).
JANTY OF JAUNTY (jän'ty).
JEFFERSON, THOMAS, third President

But

of the United States, was born 1743,
at Shadwell, Va., and was educated
for the bar. Entering the provin-
cial Congress he took a conspicuous
part in its debates and drew up the
famous declaration of independence.
He was a man of splendid abilities
and the acknowledged head of the
Democratic party. He used to say
of slavery, that there was no attri-
bute of the Deity which could side
with the slaveholder. Jefferson
died July 4th, 1826, simultaneously
with John Adams, his immediate
predecessor in the Presidency.
JOHNSON, ANDREW, U. S. Senator
from Tennessee, was born in Ra-
leigh, N. C, Dec. 29, 1808. Having
lost his father, he was apprenticed
at the age of ten to a tailor, with
whom he served seven years. His
mother was unable to pay for his
education, and he never attended
a school a day in his life.
while learning his trade, he suc-
ceeded in teaching himself to read
About the year 1826 he removed to
Tennessee and commenced work as
a journeyman tailor. He married,
and it was not till after his twen-
tieth year that he learned to write
and cipher; being indebted to his
wife for his instruction. In 1853 he
was elected governor of Tennessee,
and in 1857 Ü. S. Senator. On the
breaking out of the Confederate re-
bellion (1861) he promptly took part
against it, and committed himself
in the most energetic manner to the
unconditional support of the union
and the government. In June, 1864,
he was nominated by the Republi-
can party for the Vice-Presidency.
He affords in his career a splendid
illustration of the genius of our in-
stitutions in affording to the hum-
blest the means of placing them-
selves by the side of the highest
through honest effort, perseverance,
and native ability.

JOHNSON, DR. SAMUEL, the celebrated
English lexicographer, and one of
the most prominent characters in
English literary history, was born
in Litchfield, England, 1709.
was educated at Oxford, and in
1737, in company with Garrick, the

He

actor, who had been one of his
pupils, set out for London. The
first literary production by which
he rose into notice was his "Lon-
don," a poem in imitation of the
third satire of Juvenal. He wrote
an unsuccessful tragedy, entitled
"Irene," and in 1750 commenced
his Rambler," a series of papers
in imitation of "The Spectator."
In 1755 appeared his Dictionary,
the work by which he will be long-
est remembered. He died 1784.
His life by Boswell presents his pe-
culiarities of character so minute-
ly that there are few men in all
history with whom the reader can
experience so close a personal aç-
quaintance. Johnson had many
noble traits, but was prejudiced,
domineering, and politically bigot-
ed. See p. 424.

JOHNSON, KEVERDY, an American
lawyer and statesman, was born in
Annapolis, Md., in the year 1796.
Chosen a U. S. Senator from
Maryland he took a decided stand
for government and union against
the slave-power in the rebellion of
1861. See p. 335.

JONES, JOHN PAUL, a naval com-
mander in the American service
during the Revolution, was born at
Selkirk, in Scotland, 1736, and died
in poverty at Paris, 1792. He was a
man of dauntless courage and great
ability as a sea captain.

JONSON, BEN, was born at Westmin-
ster, England, 1573, died 1637. He
became an actor, but was a bad
one; and his life was chiefly spent
in play-writing, in which, in his
own day, he contested the palm
with Shakespeare. See p. 282.
JULIUS. The allusion (p. 141) is to
Julius Cæsar.

KING, CHARLES, was born in New
York, 1789. He received his early
education at the public school at
Harrow, England, while his father,
Rufus King, was American minis-
ter at the court of St. James. Lord
Byron was among the boy's com-
panions here. For many years Mr.
King edited the N. Y. American.
In 1848 he was elected to the Presi-
dency of Columbia College. See p.

255.

KING, THOMAS STARR, the son of a
clergyman, was born in New York
city, Dec. 16, 1824. From the age
of twelve to twenty he was em-