Reciprocal Commercial Convention Between the

United States and Cuba 1902 [Text derived from message of the President of the United States.]

After the adoption of the Cuban Constitution President McKinley promised the Cubans that he would use his influence to get some reciprocity measures passed which should lighten the burden of the tariff. President Roosevelt felt pledged to carry out Mr. McKinley's promise and in his message of December 1901 he strongly urged the passage of reciprocity measures. This was most necessary for the Cuban sugar industry was greatly depressed. There was much opposition to the proposition, chiefly from the manufacturers of beet sugar and from parties interested in cane sugar in the southern states and Hawaii, and it was impossible to get a reciprocity bill through congress before its adjournment in June 1902. Then the administration tried another plan. It sent a representative to Cuba to negotiate a reciprocity treaty. Such a treaty was drawn up and ratified by Cuba. A supplementary convention, extending the time within which the ratifications of the commercial treaty might be exchanged, was signed by the representatives of both countries 26 January 1903. After considerable discussion the commercial treaty was ratified by the United States senate, 19 March 1903. A change of tariff rates was involved and since the Constitution gives the house a voice in all matters dealing with revenue, it was necessary to pass a bill before the treaty could go into effect. A joint resolution was considered in the special session of congress which began in November 1903, and was passed 16 December. The president signed the treaty the following day and issued a proclamation announcing that it would go into effect 27 December 1903.

Panama Ship-Canal Treaty 1904

[Text derived from message of the President of the United States.]

The work of building the Panama canal was begun by a Freneh company organized about the year 1879. The stock was taken in small sums by thousands of French people and concessions were obtained from the republic of Colombia for land and other rights necessary for the work. On 21 February 1881 the construction of the canal began under the direction of Ferdinand de Lessups, the famous French engineer. In 1888 the French stockholders grew suspicious that their money was not properly appropriated and refused to give more. It transpired that the funds had been wasted and that only a small part of the work had been done. In spite of the scandal another company was organized in 1894–5. After a few months there was another scandal and no more money could be raised. Since then

very

little work has been done and the machinery and other property of the company on the isthmus has been going to ruin.

In the meantime the United States government was investigating the Nicaragua route. Some of the engineers became convinced that the Panama route was more desirable. At this juncture the French company saw an opportunity to get rid of a “white elephant” and proposed to sell out to the United States for $40,000,000. The latter then began negotiations, after the necessary measures had passed through Congress, for the purchase of the canal rights. In order to clear the way for the building of the canal the United States had to do two things—buy out the French company and make a treaty with Colombia for the control of the canal strip across the isthmus, over which the republic held sovereignty. A treaty with Colombia was

drawn up early in 1903 and ratified by the congress of the United States, but was rejected by the Colombian congress. It is now said that the politicians did not intend to defeat the treaty finally, but the plan was to delay the matter until late in 1904, when the concession to the French company would expire, and then claim a part of the money which was to go to that company.

But the prosperity of the cities of Colon and Panama depended on the building of the canal and the people of the isthmus were so dissatisfied with Colombia for rejecting the treaty that in November 1903 they, seceded and set up a republic for themselves. Another treaty for the canal strip was drawn up and was ratified by the United States and the republic of Panama. Final steps have been taken for the transfer of the French company's rights to the United States.

405 Contract with Wyse. In 1877 the Colombian government granted a concession to Lucien N. B. Wyse for constructing a canal across the isthmus. The Panama Canal Company purchased the concession.

INDEX

Address, of colonists, to king, 42, colonists forced to resort to, 43;

46; to people of Great Britain, right of people to keep and bear,
42, 46, 55; Washington's fare- 112.
well, 157-176.

Army, power of congress to raise
Admiralty courts, extension of jur- and equip, 66, 67.

isdiction of, 35, 37, 41, 45. Articles, of confederation of New
Admission of new states into Union, England colonies, 19–27; of con-
93, 108.

federation of 1777, 59–71.
Alabama claims, settlement of, 342– Ashburton treaty, 215–225.
354.

Assemblies, colonial, dissolved, 38,
Alaska, boundaries of, 335–337; 53, 55.

treaty for cession of, 335-340. Association, non-importation, non-
Alliance, treaty of between United consumption, and non-exporta-
States and France, 72–76.

tion, 42, 46.
Ambassadors, duty of president to Attainder, no bill of to be passed

receive, 106; original jurisdic- by congress, 101; by any state,
tion of supreme court in cases 102.

affecting, 107; recall of, 154.
Amendments, to Constitution, pro- Bail, excessive, not allowed by con-

vision for, 109; added to Con- stitution, 114.
stitution, 112-117; Lincoln on, Bankruptcies, laws for, established
292.

by congress, 100.
Amnesty, proclamation of, 321- Bills, for raising revenue to orig-
324.

inate in house of representatives,
Annexation of Hawaiian islands, 99; all to be presented to presi-
resolution for, 369-371.

dent, 99; how passed over presi-
Appellate jurisdiction of supreme dent's veto, 99.
court, 107.

Boston, act to discontinue use of as
Arbitration, settlement of Alabama port, 37, 42, 45; treachery of

claims by, 343–354; settlement General Gage to inhabitants of,
of Oregon boundary by, 365– 48.
368.

Boundaries, of Quebec enlarged,
Arms, declaration of causes and 54; method of deciding disputes
necessity of taking up, 43-51; about between states, 64, 65;
between British possessions and by, 40; Massachusetts, taken
United States, 79, 80, 186–192, away by crown, 54.
215-219, 227, 364, 365; of Chinese, immigration of to Hawai-
states formed from northwest ian islands forbidden, 371.
territory, 92, 93; of territory of Claims, mutual relinquishment of
Six Nations, 127; between by United States and Spain,
United States and Spanish pos- 200–203; to New Mexico, re-
sessions, 196–198; of Missouri, linquished by Texas, 259, 260;
206, 207; of Oregon, 227, 365– Alabama, settlement of, 342,
368; between United States and

354
Mexico, 234-236, 274, 275; of Clay's resolutions, 258, 259.
Texas, 258, 260, 262; of Utah, Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 251-257.
261; of New Mexico, 262, 263; Coin, exclusive right of congress to
of Alaska, 335–337; of the Phil- regulate value of, 65.
ippine islands, 375, 376; of Colombia, president of United
Panama canal strip, 394, 395.

States authorized to acquire
Bulwer, Clayton-Bulwer treaty, control of territory from, 393,
251-257.

394.

Colonists, American, entitled to
California, Clay's resolution for rights of native-born British

admission of, 258; report on res- subjects, 34; petitions of treated
olution for admission of, 260; act with contempt, 46, 55.
for admission of, 263, 264.

Colorado river open by treaty of
California, gulf of, open by treaty 1848, 236.
with Mexico, 236.

Columbia, District of, suppression
Canada, provision for admission to of slave-trade in, 259, 260, 272;
confederation, 68.

fugitive slave law in, 270–272.
Canal, Washington urges construc- Columbia river open to Hudson

tion of interior, 161; treaty with bay company, 227.
Great Britain for Nicaragua, Commerce, power of congress to
251-257; Great Britain to urge regulate, 100.
Canada to open to United Commissioners, board of, estab-
States, 360; convention between lished by parliament, 37.
United States and Panama for Committee of thirteen, recapitula-
construction of, 393-408.

tion of report of, 260.
Charlestown, burned by British, Compact, Mayflower, 18.

Compromise, Missouri, 206-210;
Charter, first Virginia, 5–17; col- repeal of, 281, 282.
onists entitled to rights granted Compromise of 1850, 258–272;