Hesse Cassel will have an international law rain pierces the dense fog, which gives that of copyright. The truth will find its way decided physiognomy to London, without into a Petersburg journal at the risk of life. which it could not be recognized. Mr. SimpThe Prussian Ambassador in Petersburg | son had given his friends a magnificent sup(Baron von Werthern) will bring out a new per, in honor of his being appointed purveyor edition of the "Sorrows of Werther." Ma- to her Majesty Queen Victoria, from which the rius will emigrate from the ruins of Carthage rich tradesman Joffrey is just returning, and to Bomarsund. Xenophon's Anabasis, or the in osder to reach the City, cuts across from "Retreat," will be translated from the Greek Regent-street to Trafalgar-square. A man into the Muscovite. A new planet will be who, like Joffrey, enjoys thrice daily a meal discovered in the tail of "Ursa Major," which like that he had just finished with his friend the astronomers will christen " Humanity." Simpson, doubtless knows no trace of hunger. The consumption of meat and eggs, which is as necessary for a real English stomach as the daily dry bread to the 50,000 poor in the same city, at least produces the effect which the boa feels when it has swallowed a jaguar: it is unsusceptible and indifferent to all that crawls around it. "In the year 1855, 365 eclipses will take place, which will be visible at all places where the eyes are not shut. The first of these eclipses will take place on New Year's-day, when the congratulators will not have any thing to see. The second eclipse will take place in Germany, commencing at Bamberg and extending to Frankfurt, and this eclipse will be so total, that folks will not see the knout before their eyes. The third eclipse, coming from the North, will cover the Crescent, and extend its shadow over Arndt's Wo ist des Deutschen Vaterland,' set to music, and provided with notes.' The fourth eclipse is a total one, commencing with the 'Gold region' and extending far beyond the 'Credit zone.' The fifth eclipse will be visible at Silistria, where not the smallest Russian can be seen for the heaviest sum of money," &c., &c. But the joke of jokes in Saphir's Almanac is contained in his illustrations of the signs of the zodiac. Under "Aries," he writes as follows: "Aries, or Richard Cobden, the lamb of peace and the apostle of wool. This sign indicates the season when the sheep are driven out to pasture. This ram of ours annually drives his flocks of peace to the meadow of publicity. Peace and wool!' is his motto. It is evident that a sheep is the most fitting advocate for both, even if he bleats pro domo." The principal jokes, however, in all the comic almanacs, appear to relate to Charley Napier's celebrated order "to sharpen cutlasses," and to the "Jahde Busen," or Gulf of Jahde, which Prussia recently purchased from Oldenburg, for the purpose of establishing a national harbor for Germany. But before parting from our kind readers, we will fulfil our promise of giving them some German notions of English manners, which we will derive from the opening part of the story to which we alluded. "London, that central point of trade, of riches and want, has fallen into the arms of sleep and rest, for midnight is long past. The fine, penetrating "The same may be assumed of Joffrey. Stuffed with that respect-demanding quan tum of meat, tea, game, and pudding-who would be astonished that such a man can not comprehend one of his fellow-beings suffering from hunger? Wrapped in his cloak, Joffrey consequently hurried along past all the misery which night in London drives on the streets. Trafalgar-square is one of the finest and largest squares in the world, as far as Europe signifies the world. Centre of the fashionable West end, the royal palaces of Old England surround it, and the public buildings and museums; while, divided by a magnificent terrace, it supports on either side a statue-above, the King George; below, the lofty pillar of the naval hero of Trafalgar and Abukir, both of which are bedewed by the fine watery dust of the fountains. Even the palace-resembling private edifices, which rise in a long row from the Strand as far as PallMall, exhale that proud aristocracy which was peculiar to the style of the past century, and whose type the English nobility of the present day most faithfully represents. "These palaces are generally adorned with small porticos, which with their cold and polished stones serve as a resting-place for the homeless. There it is where children of five years cower behind a pillar, tremble for cold, and try in vain to wrap themselves in their rags. Horrible women take refuge there, and in bestial carelessness throw their heads, heavy with gin or rum, on the cold stones, while they clutch tightly a long bottle of spirits, which offers them the acme of all human delight. Men with shaggy beards, and only covered with the absolutely neces sary rags, barefooted, without shirts, coat, perhaps with only a patched jacket on their shoulders--naked and starving--these are a few sketches from that picture which misery produces nightly in London. Round the proud palaces of Trafalgar-square crime and misery lurk, defiling those marble pillars with their pestilential breath, and during the night the stones and the mortar of these porticos are horrified listeners to curses against fate, to lamentations and complaints against the rich--the same stones which, on the next day, the delicate feet of a duchess or countess will trip over." There! have our readers had enough? If they have not, we have! But how true it is that a prophet is not honored in his own country! We always thought Trafalgarsquare the laid idéal of everything that was execrable; and yet here comes a, doubtlessly worthy, German, and calls it the finest square in Europe! We wish we had known Herrn Rellstab when in England--we should have been glad to hear his opinion about the Wellington Statue at Hyde Park. However, if fortune favor, we may be enabled to enlighten our readers on the subject next year. From the Biographical Magazine. WARREN HASTINGS. MORE than a century ago, when the inhab- | itants of London expected a hostile visitation of Highland clans, when the Thames was comparatively a pure river, and pleasant gardens and villas still existed between Charing-Cross and Temple-Bar, a boy wandered to and from Westminster School, in whose character, as in that of many other little boys, the career of the future man was very dimly foreshadowed. His family were in decayed circumstances, and he easily detected the respect paid to wealth, even in those years at Westminster; while at home he heard traditions of times not far removed, when his ancestors held a high place among the English squirearchy. He would be often told of his Danish ancestry-the connection of his family with barons and earls-and those fair English manors, sold by his grandfather's grandfather, for means to fight the battle of the Cavaliers and Royalists, when he followed the Stuarts' standard through folly and ruin to the end. Daylesford, the last of the family possessions, had belonged to them until a recent date; and their records bore the names of its owners for nearly five hundred years. Eighteen years before the schoolboy's birth it had been sold to a Bristol citizen, but the Westminster lad determined to buy it back again; and seventy-four years after its sale he realized this juvenile pur scenes of magnificence and Oriental splendor, and in many a journey through beautiful lands placed under his sway, through wide regions thrice greater in extent and population than England, which he won for England's crown. Nearly forty years had passed away after this resolution was formed; forty years of arduous toil and weary work to that middleaged gentleman, peculiarly handsome, with a broad and high forehead, and a quiet smile playing over features hardened and worn with care, who is reading Horace, in the small, although richly-furnished cabin of a ship from India, which is doubling the Cape on the homeward voyage to England. He paraphrases one of the Latin poet's difficult odes, and we copy some of the verses which he has written: He who enjoys, nor covets more, Is of true bliss possessed; Which labored years have won; pose, a purpose to which he clung amid Daylesford and his Westminster purposes are floating over the statesman's mind while | he reads and writes in the Southern ocean. Ten years after the ship had reached England, this great Eastern politician, wishing to convince the world that he was not an Eastern nabob, published a statement of his expenditure; and challenged reproach on that head except in the matter of Daylesford, for which he admitted that the money paid was probably too much. But we must wander over this romance of half-a-century. A proud boy, conscious of poverty and of talent, decides to earn fame and wealth with the resolution of manhood. He selects a course, studies hard, wins a way through grammars made difficult (as were all elementary works in those times), and leaves his classes at an early age, with the character of a remarkably clever lad, but rather gloomy and man-like, -just as if his body and soul were not of the same age, and the material was much younger than the mental section of his being. The school is abandoned, and then the question occurs, how is his capacity for acquiring languages to be turned into gold? Far away in the East English power begins to be recognized. The British flag has been firmly planted in Asia, and waves beside the deep rivers of India, yet often to be reddened by the blood of Britain's boldest youth. The Oriental crusade from the Western Isles has commenced. Many young hearts will beat high on the way to death ere it be closed. But India has unbounded wealth, and the adventurous or the hopeful turn therefore to it. They commence the reflux of "humanity" to the old home of our race, but the tide moves slowly. The Westminster boy needs influence for the first step. It is procured, and the East India Company bestow a writership on him, not recognizing in the nameless heir of Daylesford, who sails to win again his alienated Worcestershire manor their future master. The boy was WARREN HASTINGS. Born in 1733, he was, in 1750, upon his first voyage to Hindostan, classed as a writer in the Company's Bengal service. He discharged his routine duties with assiduity and care; while forming an intimate acquaintance with the Hindoo and Persian languages. His attainments combined with his knowledge of business to recommend him to his superiors, and at a very early age he was appointed to the superintendence of a new factory, in the interior of the country. This mercantile enterprise was unsuccessful, for war commenced in the district, and Hastings was taken prisoner by the soldiers of Surajah was Dowla. He had gained the esteem of the natives, and his captivity was light; although Surajah Dowla violently opposed the English interest; but this Indian chief was soon afterwards defeated by Meer Jaffier, losing his throne, and subsequently his life; while his former prisoner was accredited by Lord Clive as Resident Minister to the Court of the conqueror, The calamities of some men become the springs of their prosperity; and the captivity of Hastings may have prepared the way for his diplomatic employment. He acquired great influence over the natives in his new capacity; and after contributing materially in his contracted sphere to the interests of the empire, he returned from India in 1765. Hastings remained in this country for a few years, and in 1768 he was appointed by the Directors of the East India Company a member of the Council for Madras; with the understanding that he should succeed to the government of the Presidency. He proceeded to his post in 1769. It was a period of great embarrassment; for the British Empire was then menaced by numerous foes. Civil war threatened its finest colonies. Intestine division was followed by successful revolt, and revolution, in America. A great conspiracy of Indian kings had been formed against the infant empire of the East. All the influence and power of the French in India were employed to sweep the British flag from Hindostan. The pecuniary resources of the Company in the country were forestalled. The competency of our military chiefs in Asia was denied. Even our naval forces in the Indian seas had been unable to defend the coasts of the Presidency from the attacks of the French fleet. The East India Company's power was then on the brink of destruction. The Directors and Proprietary trembled for the value of their stock; and the history of the Anglo-Indian Empire seemed nearly complete. Such was the emergency when the Directors at home determined to place their affairs at Calcutta under the control of a man of energy and genius; and Warren Hastings was ordered to proceed from Madras, and assume the Governorship of Bengal, in 1771. The Bengal Presidency had recently be come British property. A few years previously the Company with difficulty obtained permission to trade where then they were the virtual rulers. Warren Hastings was the first Governor-General of India who exercised direct authority over the population. His predecessors, Lord Clive, Mr. Verelst, and | barrassing and painful. The Court of DiMr. Cartier, had acted in conjunction with rectors endeavored always to provide a the Court of Moorshedabad. They doubtless majority against his measures in his Counexercised complete powers under a pretence; | cil. The land-tax adopted in 1772 was limwhich Hastings was instructed to withdraw. ited to five years. All the plans of renewal He had therefore to construct a new system proposed by him were invariably resisted by of government for thirty millions of persons, General Clavering, Colonel Monson, and Mr. without a Parliament, without precedents; Francis; while they were as invariably supwith a distracted Cabinet at home and a di- ported by Mr. Barwell. The revenues of the vided council in India; while the basis of Presidency were endangered by this division his power was shaken by the attacks of ex- of opinion; but the death of Colonel Monternal foes and intriguing partisans. In this son in 1776 delivered the Governor-General conjuncture of difficulties he was almost the from this thraldom, for the Council being only one capable of government, for his equally divided, his casting vote rendered assistants knew little of the habits, the his- him supreme; and he applied his energy tory, the laws, languages, and religions of and genius to the financial business of the those nations whom he was to form into a country, without the fear of defeat. The compact state. five years' leases had not realized the nominal rental. The arrears amounted to 129,000l., and the remissions to 118,0007. At the end of the period, Mr. Francis, the great opponent of the Governor-General, in Council, proposed a fixed and invariable rent; while the latter, in conjunction with Mr. Barwell, desired a strict inquiry into the capabilities of the soil, and the adoption of a variable tax. Hastings enforced his opinion by his vote. And as the Directors wished to postpone the adjustment of the rent-roll, annual arrangements were made until 1781. The vacillating policy of the Directors turned all Hindostan into a tenure at will for a number of years, and yet the inconvenience of an unsettled revenue fell upon their representative, to whom "life in India" was a succession of annoyances. The Directors, receiving dispatches four months after their date, issued orders, proceeding upon their contents, which were to be enforced four months after they had been written. These orders generally were to undo whatever Hastings had performed, who, with nearly equal determination, postponed or refused compliance with their requests. The Rohilla war broke out immediately after his appointment. The contest originated in an alliance with the Nawab of Oude, which Hastings did not frame, although he approved of its conditions; and they strengthened the frontier of Hindostan by securing a faithful ally among the native princes. That war had scarcely been brought to a conclusion, when he was drawn into a serious contest in defence of Bombay against the Mahrattas. The Presidency of Bengal was then far removed from the nearest territory of Bombay. Independent nations stood between them; and a Governor at Calcutta of less patriotism than Hastings would have left the Bombay authorities to fight by themselves those battles which they had undertaken. This policy might have been prudent for a man of ease; but it could not be adopted by the sagacious statesman who probably foresaw the union of the three Presidencies under one government. The Bombay forces had been beaten by the Mahrattas, when the Bengal army arrived, changed the current of events, and saved the Presidency. But Bombay was saved only to allow Bengal and Hastings to succor Madras, overwhelmed by Hyder Ali and the incompetency of its governors, while threat-olution reflecting severely upon the Governorened by a French army and fleet. The armies of Madras were either defeated in the field or starved in the forts. The commissariat was in distress, and the treasury was empty. Captivity and disgrace, or death by famine and the sword, were the only apparent alternatives of the British in Madras, when the genius of Hastings devised, and his perseverance accomplished their rescue. During these struggles the GovernorGeneral's position with his Council at Calcutta and the Directors in London was em The Rohilla war was discussed and condemned by the Directors, who passed a res General. The proprietors, at their next meeting, passed a contra-resolution, expressive of their "highest opinion of the services and integrity of Warren Hastings, Esq.," adding, that "they could not admit a corrupt suspicion of him without proof." This vote was given on the 6th December, 1775; but on the 8th May, 1766, the Directors resolved to address the King for the recall of Hastings; while on the 17th of the same month the Proprietors, by a vote of 377 to 271, instructed the Directors to reconsider their intention of addressing the Crown on that subject; and in the following July the Directors, in a storm, rescinded the resolution, which was thus neutralized. consisted of Mr. Barwell and himself, disavowed Colonel MacLean, and refused to resign. The intrepidity of the dismissed Governor-General was never surpassed. Mr. Wheler was on his voyage to India, with his appointment by the Directors, and the ap This balance of parties increased the difficulty of governing India. Native and French forces, in the field, harassed the mili-proval of the Monarch in his possession. A tary authorities, who entertained an unnatural military man, the bitter opponent of the disjealousy of the civil service. The Directors carded official, had been appointed at home assailed Mr. Hastings through all the pro-interim chairman. Hastings and Mr. Barwell, cesses of Government at this period, but their resolutions were virtually rescinded by the Proprietors. The former endeavored perpetually to obtain and support a majority in the Council, but they were baffled, and parties were balanced in this contest by the solemn intervention of death. To those who explain the existence of the Anglo-Indian Empire from ordinary causes, the bravery of our armies, the conduct of our diplomatists, the sagacity of the Directors, or the wealth of their employers, we recommend a careful reading of its history, when the East India Company struggled with poverty; while their affairs were apparently cast into inextricable confusion, yet always solved and retrieved through the exertions of one man, endowed with great genius and talent. The anxiety of the Directors to replace Hastings was evinced by a curious incident in 1777. He had confided the settlement of some personal affairs to Colonel MacLean, who was returning to England on private business. This gentleman stated that he had authority from him to tender his resignation. The Directors appointed a committee to investigate the nature of Colonel MacLean's instructions; who by a majority decided for their validity. The Court acted on this decision, accepted the unoffered resignation, appointed Mr. Wheler as successor to the chair, and instructed General Clavering to occupy it, until the arrival of the new Governor-General. This appointment was ratified by the King. The only apology for these proceedings-a passage in a letter from Mr. Hastings to Colonel MacLean, in which he stated a determination to resign, unless certain steps were adopted, which the Directors decided not to take was a weak justification of a ludicrous farce. The Directors, afraid to dismiss their chief in India, tortured the contents of a private note, founded on contingencies, into an absolute offer of the chair. General Clavering summoned a Council upon the receipt of this intelligence, which consisted of Mr. Francis and himself, to assume the management of Bengal. Hastings summoned another, which undaunted by the array opposed to them, threatened to maintain their position by force. A civil war between the governing parties in Bengal was imminent; but General Clavering, respecting the courage of his adversary, succumbed. The Judges of the Supreme Court decided in favor of Hastings, on an appeal to them; and he met Mr. Wheler, on the arrival of the latter, armed with their decision. That gentleman had, however, a seat in the Council, and would have neutralized Mr. Hastings' policy; but the crisis commenced at Calcutta on the 19th June, 1777, closed when General Clavering died in the following August. Mr. Wheler's additional vote was thereafter worthless, and the casting vote of Hastings continued in the ascendency. The Directors wrote angry missives, requesting the Council to cancel his acts. He replied by equally firm explanations, which assumed the character of refusals; trusting to the balance of power in London between the Directors and the Proprietors for his indemnity. This warfare extended to minute affairs, such as the appointment of local agents, and was extremely indecorous; while the resistance of the Governor-General to the appointment of Mr. Wheler, by the Directors, enforced by the approval of the King, approached to an open defiance, for he determined to cast the responsibility of his dismissal on the home authorities, and not to be entrapped into a resignation by their policy, while the affairs of India were unsettled. Hastings received his appointment in 1771, commenced the discharge of its duties in 1772, and had held his high office for five years in 1777, when he married; and yet Mrs. Hastings' marriage settlement amounted to no more than 10,000l., and was paid by bills on England; from which we infer that in his five first years of power the GovernorGeneral had not amassed a large fortune. During these five years he was deeply engaged with measures to provide against a re currence of a famine which desolated Bengal in 1770. His plans were eminently successful; and while periodical famines wasted the |