NOTE

21 Materiam superabit opus: cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, ii, 5. 22 Mines above ground: Burton (Anatomy of Melancholy, ed. 1837, i, 77) uses the same figure in speaking of the industry of the Low Countrymen.

23 Usury: cf. Essay xli and note 1.

24 Ingrossing: speculating. Several laws against this were passed in the sixteenth century.

25 Great pasturages: cf. "For enclosure of grounds [for sheep pastures] brings depopulation, which brings forth first idleness, secondly decay of tillage, thirdly subversion of houses, and decrease of charity and charge to the poor's maintenance, fourthly the impoverishing the state of the realm." Speech against Enclosures, Life, ii, 82. In the reign of Henry VII (1485–1509) there began to be complaints of the changing of arable to pasture land, a result of the rapid development of the export trade in wool. Cf. More, Utopia.

26 Pallas: rather Thetis: cf. Iliad, i, 401–403.

27 Epimetheus: brother of Prometheus. The latter stole fire from heaven and taught men useful arts. To punish men, Zeus gave Pandora to Epimetheus for his wife. She brought with her a box containing every human ill. The box being opened, the ills escaped and only hope remained.

28 Cæsar: Suetonius, Cæsar, lxxvi-lxxviii.

29 Galba: cf. Plutarch, Lives, vi, 309; Tacitus, History, i, 5. 30 Probus: emperor of Rome 276-282; killed by mutinous soldiers. A speech like this is mentioned by the historian Flavius Vopiscus, Probus, 20.

31 Tacitus saith: History, i, 28, describing the temper of the Roman soldiers when Otho was proclaimed emperor in opposition to Galba, in 69.

XVI. OF ATHEISM

1 Legend: The Golden Legend, a collection of lives of saints and other stories written by James of Voragine, abp. of Genoa, in the thirteenth century, and translated by Caxton into English in 1483.

2 Talmud: the body of Jewish traditional laws and regulations of life explanatory of the written law of the Pentateuch. It contains 63 tracts, usually printed in twelve folio volumes.

3 Alcoran: the Koran, the sacred book of the followers of Mohammed; dates from about 610.

4 Leucippus: lived about 500 B. C. Founded the atomic philosophy, which Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher (460-357 B. c.), developed and Epicurus (342-270 B. C.) improved Epicurus, while asserting the existence of gods, denie their interference with human affairs.

5 Mutable elements: earth, air, fire, water.

NOTE

6 Fifth essence: quintessence; cf. Introduction, p. viii.`

7 Unplaced: Lat. "wandering without order and by chance." 8 The Scripture saith: Psalms xiv, 1; liii, 1.

9 Epicurus: cf. Cicero, On the Nature of the Gods, i, 44, sec.

123.

10 Non deos: Diogenes Laertius, x, 123.

11 The Indians: B. probably got this from Acosta, Natural History of the Indies, v, 3, trans. 1604.

12 The contemplative atheist: this passage as far as p. 53, l. 16, was expanded from a passage in Essay xvii, ed. 1612.

13 Diagoras: of Melos, lived in the latter half of the fifth century B. C.; in 411 B. c. fled from Athens to escape a trial for atheism.

14 Bion: the philosopher, not the poet, died about 241 B. C.; famed for his wit. In his last illness he is said to have repented of his atheism.

15 Lucian: 120-200. A Greek satirist and free-thinker, called by some "the Blasphemer;" he effectively ridiculed the distorted Christianity of his day.

16 Bernard: abbot of Clairvaux, France (1091-1153). B. misquotes; the words attributed to Bernard are, "As the people are, so will the priest be; like layman, like par

son.

17 Cicero saith: On the Responses of the Soothsayers, ix, 19.

XVII. OF SUPERSTITION

1 No opinion: Plutarch, Morals (ed. Goodwin), i, 169, 179, expresses a similar opinion.

2 Plutarch: On Superstition, x, Morals, p. 266.

3 Saturn: the Greek Kronos, who devoured all his children, till at length Zeus was rescued by the substitution of a stone.

4 Augustus: Roman emperor 31 B. C.-14 A. D.

5 Civil: Lat. tranquilla," peaceful."

6 Primum mobile: see Essay i, note 9.

7 Council of Trent: held 1545-1563; condemned the leading doctrines of the Protestant Reformation concerning the Bible, original sin, and justification by faith.

8 Schoolmen: cf. Introduction, p. viii.

9 Eccentrics and epicycles: according to the Ptolemaic system (cf. Essay i, note 9), the planets moved in (a) circles the centres of which themselves moved in (b) circles. The (a) circles were called epicycles; the (b) circles, having their centre at a point outside the earth, were called eccentrics. A. 10 Save the phenomena: account for all of them, reconcile them with the theory. Cf. save appearances;" a phrase Greek in origin.

11 Avoiding superstition: Plutarch (Morals, p. 268) speaks of those who, to avoid superstition, leap into atheism.

NOTE

XVIII. OF TRAVEL

1 Allow: approve: an obsolete sense of the word, derived from Lat. allaudare, "praise." The modern sense is derived from Lat. allocare, "let, concede."

2 Disputations: formal academic arguments of the sort still heard in our debating societies. Cf. Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield, xx.

3 Card: chart; note the etymology.

4 Adamant: lodestone; cf. Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, ii, 1, 195. Lat. "magnet.'

5 The life: Lat. "how the mouth, the countenance, and the lines and motions of the body correspond to the report." 6 Country manners: those of his own country. Cf. Ascham's complaint about the "Englishman Italianated," whom he describes in The Schoolmaster as bringing "home into England out of Italy the religion, the learning, the policy, the experience, the manners of Italy."

XIX. OF EMPIRE

1 Representations: B. speaks frequently of these in his Henry VII.

2 Scripture speaketh of: Proverbs xxv, 3.

3 Nero: emperor of Rome 54-68. Cf. Suetonius, vi, 20; Tacitus, Annals, xvi, 4.

4 Domitian: emperor 81-96. Cf. Suetonius, viii, 18.

5 Commodus: emperor 180-192; fought as a gladiator 735 times.

6 Caracalla: emperor 211-217. Dion Cassius says (lxxvii, 10): "He used to say that he drove a chariot in imitation of the sun, and gloried in it."

7 Alexander the Great: king of Macedon 336-323 в. c. His superstition is described by Plutarch, Lives, iv, 383.

8 Diocletian: emperor of Rome 284-305, when he abdicated. Though he lived till 313, there is no proof that he became either superstitious or melancholy.

9 Charles the Fifth: 1500-1558, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1519-1556. He spent his last years in the monastery of Yuste in Spain, devoted to the exercises of religion.

10 True temper: correct proportion; as Plutarch (Lives, v, 73) puts it, sometimes to yield to the people, but never to hesitate to correct offenders.

11 Apollonius: of Tyana in Cappadocia (4 B. C.-97 A. D.), a Pythagorean philosopher and reputed magician.

12 Vespasian: cf. Essay ii, note 8.

13 Matter of trouble: Plutarch (Lives, v, 4) speaks thus with reference to the growth of Cæsar's power.

14 Tacitus: not Tacitus but Sallust, Jugurthine War, cxiii. 15 Triumvirate: the alliance between Henry and Francis was

NOTE

formed at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, near Calais, in June, 1520. Charles and Henry met in July.

16 League: formed in 1480.

17 Guicciardini: a Florentine historian of Italy (1482-1540). 18 Lorenzius Medici: the famous Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent (1449-1492).

19 Livia: wife of Drusus, son of the emperor Tiberius.

20 Roxalana: a slave who became empress and who accomplished the death of her stepson Mustapha in order to secure the succession for one of her own sons.

21 Solyman: the Magnificent, reigned 1520–1566.

22 Murther: at Berkeley Castle, in 1327.

23 Advoutresses: adulteresses.

24 Crispus: executed in 326.

25 Constantinus the Great: emperor of Rome 306-337, the first to tolerate Christianity.

26 Demetrius: accused by his brother of having treasonable relations with Rome, and executed by his father in 179 B. C. Livy (xl, 24), whom B. follows, insists upon his innocence; modern historians think he was a traitor.

27 Selymus: same as Solyman.

28 Bajazet: a son of Roxalana, executed by Solyman.

29 Anselmus: 1033-1109, abp. from 1093. Supported the Pope in a dispute with William II and Henry I concerning the right of investiture.

30 Becket: 1118-1170, became abp. in 1162. He defended the Church's rights against Henry II, and was murdered in the cathedral at Canterbury. His shrine attracted many pilgrims.

31 Foreign authority: the Pope. 32 Vena porta: the portal or 'gate" vein; see any standard physiology, e. g. Blaisdell, p. 138. B. supposed that the chyle was taken up by the veins converging to the vena porta: so commerce concentrates a country's resources in order to redistribute them. B. uses the term also in Henry VII. Instead of it, we should now probably speak of the heart. Ellis.

33 Leeseth: loses.

34 Janizaries: lit. ". 'new soldiers;" they began in the reign of Amurath I, about 1360, and were the soldiers of the Turkish Court, who attended upon the emperor. They were recruited from Christian captives.

35 Pretorian bands: the body guard of the Roman emperors; see Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chap. v.

36 Like to heavenly bodies: in his Discourse touching the Union (Life, iii, 90) B. speaks similarly of the education of the Persian kings, whose tutors set before them the examples of the heavenly bodies, which have great glory but no rest; thus teaching that the motions of governments are to be constant, without wavering or confusion.

NOTE

XX. OF COUNSEL

1 The Counsellor: Isaiah ix, 6.

2 In counsel: Proverbs xx, 18, Vulgate, "judgments are strengthened by counsels."

3 Solomon's son: Rehoboam; cf. 1 Kings xii; xiv, 21–31. 4 Jupiter: Zeus; the myth is Greek.

5 Eat: an old form once singular, of the past tense. Ate comes from a plural form.

6 Cabinet: secret. Lat. "secret councils, which are commonly called cabinets." Note that B. confuses counsel and council.

7 Worse than the disease: Harl. Ms. 5106 added: "which hath turned Metis the wife to Metis the mistress, that is councils of state to which princes are married, to councils of gracious persons recommended chiefly by flattery and affection." Prudence counseled B. to strike this out.

8 Plenus rimarum: Terence, Eunuchus, i, 2, 25.

9 Able to grind: Lat. "strong to fight his own battles." 10 Henry the Seventh: king 1485-1509. Cf. B.'s Life. 11 Morton: John Morton (1420-1500), abp. of Canterbury, and

chancellor.

12 Fox: Richard Fox (c. 1448-1528), bishop of Winchester, and founder of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. In Henry VII (Works, ii, 64, 65), B. speaks of Morton and Fox as 'vigilant men and secret, and such as kept watch with him [the king] almost upon all men else."

66

13 Non inveniet: cf. Essay i, note 13.

14 Principis est: Martial, Epigrams, viii, 15, 8.

15 Reverend: B. means reverent, as the ed. of 1612 reads.

66

16 It was truly said: by Alphonso of Aragon (1416-1458), who was wont to say of himself that he was a great necromancer, for that he used to ask counsel of the dead: meaning books." Apophthegms, 105.

17 The Commission: met Oct. 20-Dec. 6, 1604.

18 Hoc agere: cf. “When the magistrates, bishops, priests, or other religious ministers go about any divine service or matter of religion, an herald ever goeth before them, crying out aloud, Hoc age." Plutarch, Lives, ii, 172.

19 Placebo: cf. Psalms cxvi, 9. Used in jest for flattery.

XXI. OF DELAYS

1 Sibylla: an old woman who offered to sell the Roman king Tarquin nine books. When he declined, she burnt three of the books and asked the same for the remaining six. The king now laughed at her. Then she burnt three more and asked the same for the three. The king was now advised by his augur to buy the books. The Romans used to consult the Sibylline books in times of political trouble. The common verse: Cato, Distichs, ii, 26, quoted by Erasmus