After a careful study of the relative pronouns in these sentences, learn the following:

1. That and what are used in the nominative and objective cases, but have no possessive form.

2. Who is used only for persons and for things personified; which for animals and things without life; and that for persons, animals, and things.

3. That is generally used instead of who or which when the antecedent means both persons and things.

4. That is preferable to who or which when the clause that it introduces is merely restrictive.

5. Whose is used for persons, for lower animals, and even for things without life. Modern writers seem to prefer of which to whose when the reference is to things without life.

6. Which was formerly used for persons as well as for animals and things, but it is now restricted in its use to animals or things.

7. What has no antecedent expressed in the sentence, but is itself equivalent to both antecedent and relative, and on this account is called a compound relative. It usually means that which, the thing which, or those which.

8. The compounds, whoever, whichever, whatever, whoso, whosoever, and whatsoever have an indefinite, a general meaning, and are used without an antecedent expressed.

NOTE. The compounds ending in so and soever are rarely used in modern English.

1. Who strives to help others, helps himself thereby.
2. Who lives honestly, lives nobly.

3. Who steals my purse, steals trash.

4. Who plants trees, loves others than himself.

In the above sentences the antecedent is omitted. The personal pronoun he might be supplied in each case.

The relative pronoun when so used has the force of a compound relative pronoun.

A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person, number and gender.

1. Vote with the party that is right.

2. From him who would borrow of thee turn not thou away. 3. We ought to make ourselves good scholars, which we cannot do without hard study.

4. My mother was very kind to me, which made me love her dearly.

We see from the above sentences that:

The antecedent of a relative pronoun may be a noun, a pronoun, a phrase, or a clause.

1. He reads such books as he likes.

2. He receives as much money as he earns.

By a study of the above sentences we see that: As is a relative pronoun when it follows such or same, and generally when it follows as many or as much.

1. There is not one of us but commits errors.
2. There is not a man of them but longs for peace.

By a careful study of the above sentences we see that: But has the force of a relative pronoun in certain sentences where the principal clause has a negative force,

Select ten sentences from your reader containing relative pronouns.

Try to find sentences that shall bring in all the relative pronouns.

Write two sentences to illustrate each use of the relative pronouns given above.

Give the antecedent, and name the case of each relative pronoun in the following sentences:

1. The general was a man who never expected defeat.

2. He found a small book containing a language that he did not understand.

3. The nest in which we found the little birds was made of grass, horse-hair, and moss.

4. "We shall soon see about that," replied the officer calmly.

5. Never travel with one who deserts you at the approach of danger.

6. There was no one who could tell what caused the leak. 7. He made the most of such time as he could steal from

his sleep to read whatever books he was able to borrow.

8. The men and animals that live in the frigid zone require food that contains a great deal of carbon.

9. An optimist is one who seeks to see only the best, and who refuses to see what is bad.

10. He placed his hand kindly upon the head of the boy to whom he was speaking, and asked him what he wanted.

11. No one ought to do that which his conscience does not approve.

XXXIX. - ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

1. Some men are wise and some are foolish.

In this sentence the word some is used both as an adjective and as a pronoun.

Words used like some in the proposition some are foolish are called adjective pronouns.

An adjective pronoun is an adjective used as a pro

noun.

The adjective pronouns are:

1. Each, either, and neither, which relate to objects taken singly.

1. Each carried an old flint lock.

2. Either will answer his purpose.

3. Neither came at the time appointed.

Each may refer to two or more than two.

Each refers to all the individuals of a class taken separately.

Either means one of the two.

Neither means not one of the two.

2. This, these, that, those.

1. This was all that need be said.

2. These are all that we have.

3. That was all he could do.

4. Those came too late for the train.

When this and that or these and those are used in referring to two objects, this and these should refer to the nearer, the last mentioned, or the present; and that and

those to the more distant, the first mentioned, or the absent.

3. One, none, some, any, aught, naught, other, several, certain, all, few, and their various compounds.

1. One was taken, the other left.

2. None of his friends deserted him.

3. Some arrived before dawn.

4. If any had known him in his boyhood none now recognized him.

5. Have ye aught to eat?

6. All his efforts came to naught.

7. All started together, but several soon lagged behind. 8. Few will part where many meet.

9. He did not meet any one.

10. Each one did his utmost to win the game.

11. Not though the soldiers knew some one had blundered.

Any one, each one, some one, and the like are equivalent in their use to compounds of one.

1. He infused some of his enthusiasm into his companions. 2. Some were bright and some were dull.

Some is both singular and plural.

1. The sisters, Mary and Jane, love each other.

2. Classmates should respect the rights of one another.

Each other should be used in speaking of two only; one another, in speaking of more than two.

Pronouns have the same properties as nouns ;

person, number, gender, and case.

viz.,