I Educational policy is inexorably linked to equality of opportunity, urto full employment, to economic growth, to international trade, to foreign policy. For the Federal Government to neglect the instruIsment of society best adapted to develop its greatest resource-that is, the intelligence of its people would be as foolhardy as to neglect its responsibility in national security. The Government must have a policy and a program; as I say, the question is not whether to have them but what policy and what program should be adopted.

our so

As the President stated in his January 29 message on education, the policy should be in his words, "selective, stimulative, and where possible transitional."

S. 580 is the result of an assessment of the present state of education in meeting the Nation's needs. It is based on the dual assumptions that the national interest requires the maximum development of riz human potential, and that the personal interest of every citizen requires equality of opportunity.

of the In contrast, the facts are that our educational institutions and our ed States, despite valiant efforts, are not meeting the standards set by these dual assumptions.

If I may, I should like to pick a few of those. Thirty percent of the high school seniors in the 80-90 academic percentile of their class and 43 percent of the 70-80 percentile fail to enter college. I repeat, sir, 43 percent of the 70-80 percentile fail to enter college. One out of every 10 workers who failed to finish elementary school is unemployed today, as compared to 1 out of every 50 college graduates.

Nearly 75 percent of the young white population have graduated from high school but only about 40 percent of our nonwhite population have completed high school.

Senator CLARK. Mr. Keppel, could you give us a little fuller definition of what the standard is for determining whether a student is in the 80-90, 40-50 percentile of his class? Is this on the basis of grade or is it aptitude tests? What is it?

Commissioner KEPPEL. It is a combination, sir, of school grades and scores on national aptitude and ability tests.

Senator CLARK. Do you have some confirmation of its accuracy? Commissioner KEPPEL. Within a variable of, say, 15 or 20 percent. I am sure that men might be put in a grade above or below. I am quite sure that they would not go, let's say, another standard down. Senator CLARK. Thank you.

Commissioner KEPPEL. If you look at the adult population on the same general question of schooling, of the adult population 25 years and over, 6.2 percent of whites and 22.1 percent of nonwhites have completed less than 5 years of school.

As you know, sir, 11 percent of the total population is Negro. Yet, Negroes make up only 3.5 percent of all professional workers.

DEFINITION OF "PROFESSIONAL WORKERS"

Senator RANDOLPH. Would you clarify "professional workers"? Commissioner KEPPEL. This is the definition-if I may, Senator, I would like to check with my colleague, Dr. Muirhead, but I believe

Dr. MUIRHEAD. That's right. The definition which we are using here, as the Commissioner has pointed out, is the one that is used by the census and usually requires a college education for inclusion as a professional worker.

Senator CLARK. That doesn't quite do it; does it, Mr. Commissioner! Does this mean that you can't be a professional worker unless you have a college degree?

Commissioner KEPPEL. I think Dr. Muirhead's response was "usually means a college degree." I don't think, as I read the figures, but I will be pulling it out of my memory, that it requires one. Senator CLARK. Actually, you could break it down into lawyers, doctors, dentists, and the like.

Commissioner KEPPEL. Yes.

EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY

Senator MORSE. These are very interesting figures. They bear upor another observation which has been made in these hearings, about which you may have read, that there are more Negro doctors, lawyers, dentists, and Ph. D.'s than there are negro plumbers and electricians. The implications of the statistical data that you are giving us bear also on what is happening to our Nation's economy.

Some of us in the historic civil rights debate now starting in this country believe that, as a nation, we have never really given the Negroes of America economic freedom. They are not economically free.

The test of whether an individual is economically free, is whether or not he has an equal economic opportunity.

The data which you have presented this morning ought to be considered most carefully by those on both sides of the historic debate. As you know, Commissioner, I am an alderman. I have been one for years, in the District of Columbia. I am a member of the District of Columbia Committee.

Almost 84 percent of the boys and girls in the public schools in the District of Columbia are colored. Where are the white ones? Perhaps a percentage of them are being educated in private schools. That 84-percent statistic, however, has some bearing upon the educational prospects of the District of Columbia. It sheds light on a great many aspects of the economic problem of the District. It may even bear a cause-and-effect relationship as to why it is so hard to get money for public schools in the District of Columbia. We have, as you know, a shocking denial of self-government, for the residents of the District of Columbia, the majority of whom are now colored.

I am glad you put these statistics in the record for they point up a cause-and-effect relationship in my judgment. We must either give the Negroes their full constitutional rights, which white people have denied them since the Emancipation Proclamation, or Negroes will continue to demand these rights, leaving us to continue to present another image of the "Ugly American" to the world, in the field of foreign relations.

We who are white, need to face up to the fact that we cannot justify

You have presented cold figures, which are nevertheless, throbbing with human life and human rights. I thank you for them, because I shall plagiarize them on the floor of the Senate, in a series of speeches. No matter what the consequence of this fight may be to any of us who are in politics, some of us must be willing to challenge the low level of citizen statesmanship, of millions of white people in the United States. The denial of these constitutional rights is the responsibility of the citizens of the United States. The politicians, in the long run, will respond to what our citizens demand.

We have the responsibility of getting such figures as you have presented to us this morning, to the American people. Again, I thank you for them.

Commissioner KEPPEL. Thank you, sir.

Senator MORSE. My colleagues didn't know they were going to listen to a speech over here, as well as on the floor of the Senate. My excuse is that you have given us some very vital information.

Senator CLARK. I concur with what Senator Morse said and I think these figures ought to be so important and so striking that we ought to be perfectly sure as to their source. I think it is very important that we should have in this record, before it closes, where these figures come from, so that we can be assured that we can rely on their accu

racy.

Commissioner KEPPEL. We will, of course, be happy to do so, sir. Senator MORSE. You can have the memorandum filed with your statement this morning documented.1

Commissioner KEPPEL. Yes, sir. It will be a pleasure.

TITLE I COMMENTS ON COSTS OF COLLEGE ATTENDANCE

I think, on the economic side, Senator, considering all groups in the United States, which have to do with college costs and family income, may be extended to the kind of thinking that we have been engaged in. We note that the median family income is now $5,700, The average annual cost of attending college are apparently estimated at about $1,048 for the public institutions-that is total costsand $2,024 for private institutions.

The cost of one student in a college, for a median family, will then require over 25 percent of the whole family's income per year; and I think, in this connection, it is worth taking a look here at the problems involved in the growth.

Several sets of statistics are given about the growth in colleges, college population, an estimate of nearly 3 million more students in higher education by 1970, and an estimated expenditure per annum of $2.3 billion to reach that level in facilities alone; $2.3 billion being about a billion dollars more than we are now expending for the purpose of expanding higher education.

Senator CLARK. Mr. Commissioner, in connection with that median annual family income, would that exclude anything the student might earn while at college?

Commissioner KEPPEL. Yes, sir; it would.

Senator CLARK. So that to the extent that a student is able to earn part of his way in college, that would be added to the median family income?

Commissioner KEPPEL. Yes, sir, that would be added.

Senator RANDOLPH. It is my understanding that student income is dropping rather precipitously each year. In other words, there are fewer college students who find it possible to hold part-time jobs; also, the part-time jobs are not in as available a supply as they were a few years ago.

Would you comment on this?

Commissioner KEPPEL. I would like to study it further, Senator, to see if we have figures that would be national in scope.

I have heard comparable information, similarly with regard to the difficulty of college students obtaining employment that is readily available, that is close to where they are, of a character that makes sense in connection with the academic program.

TITLE I-C: WORK-STUDY PROGRAM

As you know, sir, one of the reasons why the administration proposal includes a work-study plan is to encourage the expansion of the present

program.

I believe the colleges and universities today are handling, as far as their students are concerned, about a hundred million dollars-is it not, Mr. Muirhead-about a hundred million dollars of earnings of college students today.

This represents, of course, a substantial portion of the financing of a great many students, and the proposal that we presented to you for consideration is to expand that amount. I don't have readily available, however, any estimate of the trends here. I wish I did. I am sorry, sir.

Senator MORSE. I recognize the problems that the Senator from West Virginia has raised. As you say, there is an attempt being made to expand employment opportunities. The factual situation being what it is, I certainly would join in doing whatever could be done to help expand such employment opportunities. However, as an old college administrator, I would rather decrease them than to expand them, if it were possible, while still keeping students in college. I have yet to see the first college student who was benefited by employment, as far as the wisest and best use of his time is concerned. I have never thought it was good for students to work their way through college. I speak as one who had to do it, himself.

A student is much better off if he spends his time in the laboratory, in the library, or behind his study desk, than in a restaurant doing any of the menial jobs which he has to do in order to earn a few dollars to stay in college.

From the standpoint of the economic welfare of the country, it would be better that he stayed in the laboratory, in the library, behind his study desk, because he would become a better physicist, a better doctor, or a better historian. He would be better disciplined. How ever, you would be surprised at what you run into, on the political front in Congress, when you try to pass educational bills which pro vide for scholarships, or even those which would provide for a decent loan program.

I don't want you to think I am just making a statement about this,

from Pennsylvania leaned over and suggested. I said, "That is exactly what I intended to do."

I now ask you, What is your view on this problem?
Commissioner KEPPEL. On the work-study question?

Senator MORSE. Yes.

Commissioner KEPPEL. I think, Senator, we may illustrate the habit of former deans engaging in an argument.

RATIONALE OF WORK-STUDY PROGRAM

It has been my experience, at any rate in recent years, that such programs make sense under two controls: first, the number of hours a week; second, the kind of work.

There is in the present world of higher education, in our judgment, a lot of work that relates to the intellectual purpose and program of the student in the library and in laboratories, such as a reader of papers. I think I know of no way, no better way of learning a subject, than to read papers and mark them.

Senator CLARK. Tutoring?

Commissioner KEPPEL. Yes, sir. I think, under those two controls, I would say that this kind of work-study, where the student does earn some money, doesn't detract from his educational plans and programs, but if anything, can help it.

Senator MORSE. As the dean of a law school, I used to beg the members of the legal profession of the city in which the law school was located, and in nearby cities, to employ needy law students, to help them with their research and to help them with their briefing. In fact, I am proud of the fact that we set up quite a program of student assistance to lawyers, in helping them with their research. The same can be said in regard to the premedical students in connection with hospitals.

I do not consider such jobs as falling under the classification of my statement; namely, the so-called menial jobs, such as working in restaurants, tending furnaces, and so forth.

In fact, I can make quite a case, I think, for dormitory advisers, jobs where students get their board and room for services. What I object to is the case where a young man or a young woman has to work long hours, in addition to carrying on schoolwork, in order to eke out enough to stay in college. I think that is a waste of talent. It results in their getting less education than they otherwies would get. It is for this reason that I am such a strong advocate of loan programs and scholarship programs.

Commissioner KEPPEL. We are in entire agreement on that, sir, and I think it is possible to control it by time and by nature of work, the kind of work-study that makes sense in our society.

EUROPEAN STUDENT AID PROGRAMS

Senator CLARK. What is the present practice in Western Europe with respect to work-study programs and the extent to which individuals so working for, first, the undergraduate, and, later, the graduate degree, supplement their income by work of the character which