ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF EDINBURGH. THE following were the questions given at the January examination for the licence in Dental surgery: Anatomy (one question only to be answered). 1. Give the muscles connecting the lower jaw to the hyoid bone; mention their relations and uses. 2. Name the bones entering into the formation of the carpus, with the synovial membranes, ligaments, and muscles in close relation. Physiology. In connection with the cerebro-spinal axis, define what you understand by the terms cerebral commissure and nerve, and give the relative functions of each. Chemistry (one question only to be answered). 1. Describe the nature and preparation of iodine, mentioning its combinations with oxygen and hydrogen. State the formula for each according to the old and new notations. 2. How is lead obtained from its ore? Name its soluble and insoluble salts and give tests. Surgery (one question only to be answered). 1. Mention the tumours to which the upper jaw is liable. Describe the operation for excision of the jaw, giving the lines of incision and the subsequent steps of the process. 2. Describe what you mean by the term "first intention," and what means of treatment will conduce to that result. Medicine (one question only to be answered). 1. Define nephritis, enumerate the causes, and give the treatment. 2. Croup. Give the symptoms which would indicate a catarrhal or simple inflammatory attack as distinguished from a diphtheritic one. When, and what emetics would you employ? What are the indications for tracheotomy? Dental Anatomy (two questions to be answered and not more). 1. Mention the three different modes of attachment of the teeth to the jaws found in the animal kingdom, and give an example of each. 2. What is the difference in the form of the lower jaw in an infant at birth, a child of twelve years of age, an adult, and an edentulous patient over sixty, and how is the difference produced? 3. Mention the structures from which the enamel, dentine, and cement are respectively developed, and how these formations take place. Dental Surgery and Pathology (two questions to be answered and not more). 1. What is an epulis, where is it generally found, and to what class of new growths does it belong? What are its distinctive characters and microscopical appearances? 2. What would you consider the essential points in order that the operation of stopping a tooth should be successful, and how would the consideration of these points influence you in stopping a very fragile, a very tender, or a very conspicuous tooth? 3. What are the relative advantages of gold and vulcanite in artificial dentures, and in what circumstances should the one or the other be preferred? ANDERSON'S COLLEGE, GLASGOW. Ar a meeting of the trustees, held on the 22nd inst., Mr. David Taylor, M.B., C.M., L.D.S., was appointed Lecturer on Dental Anatomy and Physiology, in room of the late Mr. J. Crooks Morison, L.D.S. APPOINTMENTS. MR. BURTON LLEWELLYN HARDING, L.D.S. Eng., of Oxford Street, Manchester, has been appointed Dental Surgeon to the Governesses Institution and Home, Manchester. The name of Mr. W. G. GORDON JONES, L.D.S.I., was by error printed Tours in the notes under this heading which appeared in our last issue. To Correspondents. Communications intended for insertion in the ensuing number must be forwarded to the Editor, at the Office, 11, New Burlington Street, London, W. by the 8th and 23rd of the month, they cannot be published in the ensuing issue; they must also be du.y authenticated by the name and address of the writer. 2. We cannot undertake to return communications unless the necessary postage stamps are forwarded. 3. It is earnestly requested of our correspondents that their communications be written on one side of the sheet only; and we also beg to call particular attention to the importance of a carefully-penned signature and address. 4. 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Thos Gaddes (London), Hamilton Craigie (London), E. M. Phillips (Liverpool), W. Hern (London), Rees Price (London), J. R. Brownlie (Glasgow), H. B. Mason (Exeter), Jas. Hardie (Alloa), Geo. Pedley (London), L.D.S.," "Serratus," "Onyx," &c. 'Lancet.' BOOKS AND PAPERS RECEIVED. 'Medical Times and Gazette.' 'British Medical Journal.' 'Pharmaceutical Journal.' 'Johnston's Dental Miscellany.' Exeter and Plymouth Gazette.' &c. 66 NOTICE. We desire that it may be clearly understood that our pages are open to all for free expression of their views on matters connected with our profession. We only ask for terseness of expression and MODERATION IN TONE. When otherwise unobjectionable, difference of political or other opinion will never be regarded by the Editor as a disqualification for the admission of any communication to the pages of the BRITISH JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCE. British Journal of Dental Science. No. 318. LONDON, APRIL 15, 1881. VOL. XXIV. A COURSE OF LECTURES ON DENTAL ANATOMY AND Delivered at the National Dental College during the Winter By THOMAS GADDES, L.D.S. Eng., Lecturer also on the Elements of Histology; Assistant Dental Surgeon to the National Dental Hospital. ABSTRACT OF LECTURE V. THE substance which forms the main part of most teeth was, by Professor Owen, termed "dentine." There have been many varieties of dentine described, and terms coined to express them, such as hard or true dentine, plici-dentine, vitro-dentine, osteo-dentine, dendro-dentine, areolar-dentine, and globular dentine. But Mr. Charles Tomes has, in a paper read before the Royal Society on the 8th of March, 1877, added much to our literature on this subject, and suggested the reduction of this long string of terms to the following expressions of typical dentinal structure, viz. hard, unvascular dentine, plici-dentine, vaso-dentine, and osteodentine. The order in which I shall consider these varieties of dentine will be in the reverse order to which they are there enumerated, so that we shall be more in keeping with the principle of our synthetic study of odontology. Osteo-dentine. Osteo-dentine consists of a hard matrix, permeated by a system of large channels, which contain pulp matter. The presence in the matrix of true dentinal tubes may or may not be a condition necessary to the structure; neither are lacunæ nor laminæ characteristic of it. Osteo-dentine is unlike true dentine, but very much like bone; indeed, in many fishes, not only does the base of the teeth blend insensibly with, and is quite indistinguishable from, the surrounding coarse bone by which the tooth is anchylosed or fixed to the jaw, but the endoskeleton of many fishes resembles VOL. XXIV. 26 osteo-dentine in structure. The reason why such a tissue is called "dentine" when it has no resemblance to true dentine, and is so much like bone, is because it is developed from a dentine papilla. When dentinal tubes do exist in the matrix, they are of small calibre, and radiate from the several canals which permeate the matrix, and not from a common pulp chamber. The canals have no relation to the blood-vessels of the pulp, neither do they necessarily contain blood-vessels, but they do contain pulp matter, which may also contain bloodvessels. You will find described in books, even in Mr. Charles Tomes's Dental Anatomy,' that osteo-dentine is a tissue in which there are vascular canals, and that the matrix around those canals is disposed in concentric laminæ, and interspersed among the dentinal tubes are lacunæ. But, on account of a lamination of the matrix being also occasionally found in vaso-dentine, and because lacunæ are very frequently absent from bone in fishes, and very frequently from osteodentine, these characters are not found useful in practice. And the appearances and structure which I have already described must at present be taken as giving the characters of osteo-dentine. Therefore it would be well for you to make such corrections in your copies of Tomes's Dental Anatomy,' not only in the description of osteo-dentine, but also in that of vaso-dentine. According to the order of differentiation of tissues, and from its chemical composition (see Lecture III), it will be apparent that osteo-dentine is a tissue closely related to bone, and in thus resembling bone most of any variety of tissue developed from a dentine papilla, we must place it lowest in the order of specialised dentinal tissues. Examples of osteo-dentine are to be found in the teeth of the pike, in sharks, and in many other fishes. Vaso-dentine. Vaso-dentine consists of a hard matrix, which is permeated. by a system of canals far larger than ordinary dentinal tubes, which anastomose freely with one another and contain capillary blood-vessels and nothing else. That is to say, each several canal contains a capillary of the same calibre as itself, and no cellular or other pulp tissue, for which, in fact, there is no room. True dentinal tubes may coexist with the large capillary canals; but if they do the tubes radiate from the central pulp chamber and not from the canals. In these |