THE NORTH BRITISH MAY, 1844. ART. I.-Eloge Historique de G. CUVIER. Par M. FLOURENS, Secrétaire Perpétuel de l'Académie Royale des Sciences_de l'Institut de France. (Mémoires de l'Acad. Roy. des Sc., tom. xiv., p. 1.) cessor. WHEN the philosopher or the poet dies, society often seems indifferent, if not insensible to its loss. In passing from his study to his grave, it is but seldom that the sage leaves a blank behind him which it is difficult to fill. The gay circle which he enlivened had previously mourned the absence of its brightest ornament, and the official place which he dignified had probably been assigned to another occupant. It is within the family circle alone that the void is felt; it is at the domestic hearth, or at the household altar, where the master spirit can have no sucTo this sanctuary the world neither seeks nor finds admittance. Their eye rests but on the lustre of his fame; and if they have watched its growing progress, and scanned it at its meridian height, amid the honours and applause of contemporary devotion, they are not likely to pronounce a higher award when it becomes posthumous. When the arbiters of genius have once issued their irreversible decree, the wreath which they have planted on the living forehead will not hang with a brighter green on the shadow of its name. Newton, and Laplace, and Watt, thus became immortal before they had thrown off the coil of mortality. It is otherwise, however, with those of a less fortunate genius -to whom has been allotted a briefer span, or a more troubled career-who have fallen "in the blaze of their fame," or who have been doomed to earn it in the midst of professional rivalry, VOL. I. NO. I. A or in the arena of political strife. Time had not ripened their glory. Though the fruitbud and its blossom had fulfilled their promise, the gathering of the vintage had not arrived. Over their name and their labours, passion and prejudice had perchance thrown their blighting influence. Jealousy may have fixed on them her green eye; and, amid the bustle and collisions of life, their genius may have cast but a dim light around them, while it exhibited its native brightness when seen from afar, and under a less troubled sky. To a certain extent, this was the fate of George Cuvier, who, to the highest qualities of a naturalist and philosopher, added those of an enlightened statesman and a Christian patriot. This eminent individual lived in eventful times-in a community divided against itself, and under governments notorious either for the usurpation or the abuse of power. The calls of public duty-the love, perhaps too ardent, of secular distinction-and the bitterness of domestic grief-had often interrupted the continuity, and disturbed the quiet of his labours; and, at an age not far advanced, he was suddenly carried off in the midst of great and incompleted discoveries. The meteor of his fame shot across the European horizon; and when it left its sphere of clouds and storms, even his enemies acknowledged its splendour, and Cuvier at once exchanged the labours and anxieties of a public servant for the reputation and glory of a sage. If it is interesting to trace the footsteps of great men struggling against adverse fortune, grappling with and overcoming error, and, under poverty and persecution, wresting from Nature her most hidden mysteries; it is not less so to follow the intellectual giant through a more prosperous career, resisting the seductions of wealth, and honour, and official station, and, in the midst of their distractions, consecrating to mental toil the vigour of his manhood, and the serenity of his riper age. To such alternatives of destiny, the youthful champion of truth will look without either disquietude or fear. He will study them as foreshadows of a lot which may be his own; and in the generosity of his feelings, he will not shun the right path, even when it is one of labour and of suffering. Who would not, for the glory of Tasso, endure all the horrors of his cell-or, for the fame of Galileo, his "prisoned solitude"-or, for the immortality of Kepler, his privations and his wrongs? But though Providence has thus attached a deeper and more poetic interest to the history and renown of the martyr, yet aspirants for fame, as well as its arbiters, must not forget the important truth, so well illustrated in the life of Cuvier, that the mind has often achieved its proudest triumphs under the fostering care of wealth and station, and amid the serenity of continuous and peaceful labour. George Leopold Chretien Frederick Dagobert Cuvier was born on the 23d August 1769, at Montbeliard, then a town in the Duchy of Wirtemberg, but now belonging to France, and in the department of Doubs. His family came originally from a village of Jura of the name of Cuvier, and, at the period of the Reformation, had established itself in the small principality of Montbeliard, where some of its members had held important offices. The grandfather of Cuvier was of a humble branch, and was the attorney of the town. He had two sons, the youngest of whom entered the Swiss regiment of Waldner, then in the service of France; and by his bravery and good conduct became an officer and chevalier of the order of Military Merit—a rank which, among the Protestants, was equivalent to the Catholic cross of St. Louis. After forty years' service, he retired with a small pension, and was afterwards appointed to the command of the artillery at Montbeliard. At the advanced age of fifty, he married a young lady-the mother, and the first teacher of Cuvier. By this lady the father of Cuvier had three sons. The eldest of them died while she was pregnant with her second child, and so deeply did this misfortune prey upon her spirits that her infant George, like Sir Isaac Newton, was born with such a feeble and sickly constitution that he was scarcely expected to reach the years of manhood. The affectionate cares of the mother were proportioned to the helplessness and delicacy of the child. With a vigilance that never slumbered, and an affection that ever increased, she watched over his varying health, instilled into his mind the first lessons of religion, and had taught him to read fluently before he had completed his fourth year. In this prematurity of his mind, so frequently associated with a feeble constitution, his devoted parent seems to have foreseen the future greatness of her son: she made him repeat to her his Latin lessons, though herself ignorant of the language, conducted him every morning to school, made him practise drawing under her own superintendence, and supplied him with the best works on history and literature. In this manner did Cuvier acquire a passion for reading, and a desire to understand everything—the two liberal fountains from which his reason drew its materials, and his imagination its stores. young His father had destined him for the military profession; but in the gradual development of his genius, his aptitude for every species of intellectual labour turned the views of his parents into a different channel. In the library of the Gymnasium, where he stood at the head of the classes of history, geography, and mathematics, he lighted upon a copy of Conrad Gesner's History of Animals and Serpents, with coloured plates; and, about the same time, he had discovered a complete copy of Buffon among the books of one of his relatives. His taste for Natural History now became a passion. He copied the figures which these works contained, and coloured them in conformity with the descriptions; but, though he was principally occupied with these mechanical pursuits, he had not overlooked the intellectual beauties of his author. Buffon became his favourite guide, and the charms of his style, and the splendour of his eloquence were not only the theme of his praise, but the object of his imitation. In the fourteenth year of his age, he was appointed president of a Society of his school-fellows, which he was the means of organizing, and of which he drew up the rules; and, seated on the foot of his bed, which was the president's chair, he first shewed his oratorical powers in the discussion of various questions, suggested by the reading of books of Natural History and Travels, which was the principal object of the Society. The fame of our young naturalist now began to extend beyond the walls of the Gymnasium. At the anniversary fête of the Duke of Wirtemberg, he had surprised the audience by an oration in verse on the state of the Principality, and his merits had otherwise been made known to the Duke and to his sister the Princess. His family had, at this time, destined him for the Church, and he became a competitor for one of the bursaries of the institution at Tübingen, where the pastors of the Protestant Church received their professional instruction. The examiner, however, treated him with injustice, by giving the preference to an inferior theme; and, in consequence of this act of dishonesty, Cuvier abandoned all thoughts of the Church, and again resumed his more secular pursuits. The Duke of Wirtemberg had established at Stuttgard, the Caroline Academy, a magnificent institution, which more powerful States would have done well to imitate. In this academy upwards of four hundred pupils were instructed by more than eighty masters. There were five superior Faculties,-viz., Law, Medicine, Administration, the Military Art, and Commerce; and Painting, Sculpture, and Music, were among the branches of public instruction. At such an institution it was the good fortune of Cuvier to be educated. Having heard of the genius of the young naturalist, the Duke of Wirtemberg had a personal interview with him, and after examining his drawings, and admiring his accomplishments, he announced his intention of sending him to Stuttgard, and educating him free of expense. In the beginning of May 1784, he accordingly left his father's roof, and seated between the chamberlain and secretary of the Duke, he travelled to the University seat, and at once took his place among the most distinguished students of the Caroline Academy. When the pupils had finished their philosophical course, they en tered one or other of the five Faculties; Cuvier chose that of administration, and he has left it on record that he made this choice because, in that Faculty, more attention was paid to natural history, and he would, therefore, have frequent occasion for pursuing his botanical studies, and visiting cabinets of natural history. One of the professors, whose lectures he had translated into French, gave him in return a present of Linnæus's "System of Nature," a work which, for more than ten years, formed the whole of his natural history library. His first passion was the study of botany; and, in a short time, he completed a herbarium for which he framed a classification which was neither that of Tournefort nor Linnæus. He, at the same time, delineated, in coloured drawings, an immense number of birds, plants, and insects; and he did this with such singular accuracy that they proved not altogether without value in his more advanced researches. His devotion to natural history, however, engrossing as it was, did not greatly interfere with his regular studies; he carried off almost all the prizes, and he obtained one of the orders of academical knighthood, which the Duke granted as a reward to five or six of the most distinguished students. After a residence of four years at Stuttgard, during which he became acquainted with some of the most distinguished young men in Germany, among others, with Schiller and Soemmering, he returned to Montbeliard with the brevet of lieutenant. He was obliged, however, to renounce it; and in yielding to this necessity, he but obeyed the more powerful impulse of devoting himself wholly to the study of natural history. Owing to the state of the French finances, the pension enjoyed by Cuvier's father was no longer paid, and it became necessary that the son should contribute to the support of the family. He accordingly accepted of the situation of preceptor in the family of Count Herici, who, after residing two years at Caen, went to Fiquainville in Normandy, in the district of Caux, and a short league from the seaport of Fécamp. In July 1788, Cuvier arrived at Caen; and at the age of 19, he entered upon his new duties. There his passion for natural history acquired fresh ardour; and with ample leisure, and in the vicinity of the ocean, he had many opportunities of pursuing it with success. his removal, in 1791, to Fiquainville, where he resided three years, he was still nearer the sea, and as he himself used to say, he was surrounded with the most varied productions which the land and the sea could offer to his contemplation. The casual dissection of a colmar-a species of cuttle-fish-induced him to study the anatomy of the mollusca ; and the examination of some fossil Terebratulae, which had been dug up near Fécamp in June 1791, suggested to him the idea of comparing fossil with living On |