Maitland (Edward), a "Vital Question,” 386 Marcet (Wm., M.D., F.R.S.), "Constitution of the Blood," 57 Mars, Observations of, 175 Marseilles Meteorite, 454, 503 Marsh (Prof.), his Expedition to the Far West, 244 Mathematical and Physical Science at the Br. A.: Opening "Matter for Materialists," by Thos. Doubleday, 321 Mauritius, Climate and Health of, 51; Meteorological Soc. 254 Mechanical Drawing, 467 Mechanical Engineers, Institution of, 261 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, 27; Rev. H. Highton and Mechanical Science at the Br. A. (Section G), Opening Address, Metals, Thermal Conductivity of, Report on (Br. A.), 352 Meteorograph from Sweden in the International Exhibition, 466 Me eorological Observatories, 245; Phenomenon, 466 Meteorological Society, 189; of Austria, its Journal, 502; of Meteorology, Balloon Observations, 3; Errors of Amateurs, 253 Meteorology, Japanese Ignorance of, 435; Lieut. A. M. Davies, Meteoric Stones, their Maximum Velocity, 398 Metric System, 120, 286 Mexico, Tropical, by Col. Albert S. Evans, 321 Meyer (Dr. A. B.), his Natural History Collections in Celebes, Miers (J., F.R.S.), "On South American Hippocrateacer," 135 Milk, Chemistry of, 96 Miller (Prof. W. A., F.R.S.), Proposed Memorial to, 244 Mind in the Lower Animals, 169 Mineral Statistics of Victoria, 365 Mirage seen from a Balloon, 3; in Scotland, 89 Missouri, Official Reports on Insects affecting Agriculture, 302 Moa, the, Recent Remains of, in New Zealand, 184, 228, 306, 324 Moffatt (Dr.) on Ozonometry (Br. A.), 292 Moore (Thomas), his Lectures at Chelsea Botanic Gardens, 89 Morris (Rev. F. O.) on Encroachments of Sea in Yorkshire, 336 Moss Lochs, John Aitken on, 144 Mosses of Italy, Dr. de Notaris on, 383, 446 66 Motion, Romance of," by Alec Lee, 45 Mouse's Ear, as an Organ of Sensation, 253 Müller (Prof. Max) on General Cunningham's "Ancient Geo- Murchison (Sir R. J.), his Retiring Address at the Geographical Murie (Dr., F.Z.S.), on Fungi in Living Birds (Br. A.), 356; Murphy (J. J., F.G.S.) on the Sensation of Colour, 27; on Museums of the Country, 367 Museums, Provincial, Dr. Grierson and Sir Walter Elliot on "Mycological Illustrations," New and Rare Fungi, 240 Natal Diamond Fields, 190, 418; Meteorology at, 305 Nicholson (N.A.), on the Conservation of Force, 47 Neaves, (Lord) his Opening Address on Economic Science and Neologisms, Recent, 201, 222, 242; R. G. Latham on, 324; J. Nerve Endings in Glands, 10 Nervous Atmosphere, Dr. Richardson's Theory, 29 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, College of Physical Science 21, 189, 284, Newcomb (Prof. S.), on Père Secchi and R. A. Proctor's Work New Dynameter, Rev. T. W. Webb, F. R. A.S., on, 427, 446 Newspaper Science, 406, 425, 446, 464 Newton (Prof.), Edition of Yarrell's "British Birds," 89, 403 Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, 245 Northumberland, Natural History Society, Transactions of, 108 Nova Scotia, Inst. of Natural Science, 32, 78, 235; Science in, 74 Ocean Currents, Sir J. Herschel on, 71; Dr. Carpenter on, 97, Oldham School of Science and Art, 130, 476 Oliver (Lieut. S. P., R.A.), on Noises at Sea, 26; on Elaterida Optical Phenomena, Thos. Ward on, 68 Organic Chemistry, Prof. Allen Thomson on (Br. A.,, 295 Origin of Life, Dr. C. Bastian, F.R.S., on (Br. A.), 378; Sir Orme (T. A), on Cramming for Examinations, 285 Otago, Acclimatisation Society of, 51 "Our Sister Republic" (Mexico), by Col. Albert S. Evans, 322 Ozone, Dr. Debus, F.R.S., on, 134 Ozonometry, Dr. Moffatt on (Br. A.) 292 Paget (Sir James, F. R.S.), his Retirement from Bartholomew's Paleolithic Stone Implements, 50 Palæontographica," Fossil Plants of the German Wealden, 35 Palæozoic Crinoids in New Brunswick, 72; Prof. Wyville Palestine Exploration Fund, its Quarterly Journal, 33 Palestine, Flora of, 215 Palliser (J. W.)," Problems in Practical and Plane Geometry," 484 Pangenesis, 5; Dr. L. S. Beale on on, 25; R. Meldola on, 46; Pankhurst (E. A.), on the Supposed Earthquake at Worthing, 385 Parasites, Disease Produced by, 125, 165 Parfitt (Edward), on Affinities of the Sponges, 201 Paris Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 156, 255; Parker (W. K., F. R.S.) on the Structure of the Eel's Skull, 146 Payen (M), Speech at his Funeral, 136; his Chemical Works Peabody (Francis), his Death, 374 Peat Lochs, John Aitken on, 144 Pendulum Autographs, Hubert Airy on, 310, 370; W. Swan and S. M. Drach on, 365, 366 Pengelly (Wm, F.R.S.) on Rainfall, 169 People's University, Proposed, 41 Percival (Rev. J.), and Clifton College School, 329 Percy (John, M.D., F.R.S.) on the Metallurgy of Lead, 218 "Permanent Commission on State Science Questions," proposed Peru, Earthquakes in, 51, 74, 169, 230, 418; Inundations in, 51; Pflüger on Nerve-endings in Glands, 10 Phenomena of Contact, Prof. S. Newcomb and R. A. Proctor, Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences, 480, 499, 519; Phosphorescence in Fish, 287 Physiological Classes at Cambridge, 107 Physiological Researches at Gratz, 402 Physiology and Anatomy of Man, by Dr. L. S. Beale, 343, 367 "Plants, Natural History of," by Prof. Baillon, 199 Poey (Prof. André), on a New Form of Cloud, 489 Population, the Laws of, by Nathaniel Allen, M. D.. 462, 463 Prime Numbers, Tables of, 6 "Primitive Culture," by Edward B. Tylor, 117, 138 Proctor (R. A., F.R.A.S.) on Recent Neologisms, 385; on Quarterly Journal of Science, 338 Quekett Microscopical Club, 229, 261, 418 Queensland Botanical Expedition, 349; New Ganoid Fish Rainfall, A. Buchan on (Br. A.), 358; W. Pengelly, F.R.S., on, Ranyard (A. C., F. R. A.S.), on Hybridisation, 26; on Coronal Respiration, Mechanism of, 95 Respirators of Cotton Wool and Charcoal, 126 Reynolds (Dr. J.) on the "Chemistry of Milk," 96 Reynolds (Prof. Osborne), Radial Appearance of the Corona, 46 Riga, Society of Naturalists, 236 Riley (Chas. V.) Official Report on the Insects of Missouri, 302 Roberts (W. M.) on Thunderstorm, Aug. 13, 1871, 305 Kock Carvings, Mode of Obtaining fac-similes, 233 Rodwell (G. F., F.C.S.) on the Study of Science in Schools, Rolleston, Prof., F. R.S., on Saxon Pagan Remains, 56 Rollett (Dr. Alexander), Physiological Researches at Gratz, 402 Roscoe (Prof. H. E.; F.R.S.), Proposed People's University, Ross (Dr. J.), Howorth's New View of Darwinism, 221, 240, 242 Royal Institution, Proceedings, 18, 36, 107, 115, 195, 453 Rushton (Wm.) on "Science in Plain English," 142, 166 Russell (R.) on Ocean Currents, 122; Obituary Notice of, 394 Russia, Biology of, 151; Science in, 190, 194, 287; Inter- Sabine's Report on Terrestrial Magnetism, Sir W. Thomson, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, 229, 452, 476 St. Thomas's Hospital Opened by the Queen, 148, 149 Salem, Peabody Academy of Science, 109; Proceedings of the Salmon Ladders for Reservoirs (Br. A.), 337 San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, 419 Sanitary Science in India, 150 Saturday Afternoon Rambles, by Henry Walker, 157 Saturn's Rings, Lieut. A. M. Davies, F. R. A.S., on, 159, 203; Schobl (Dr.) on the Mouse's Ear, 253 School of Mines, its Proposed Transfer to Kensington, 259 Science and Art Department, Kensington; Summary of Report Science for the People in France, 394 "Science in Plain English," by William Rushton, 142, 166 Scientific Value of Cheese Factories, 104 Sclater (Dr. P. L., F.R.S.), on Captain Sladen's Expedition, Scotland, Geological Survey of (Br. A.), 292 Scott (Michael) on Improved Ships of War (Br. A.), 397 Scott (Robert H., M. A., F. R.S.), on the Minerals of Strontian, Scottish Arboricultural Society, 73 Scottish Naturalist, 319, 498 Sea, Colours of the, W. M'Master on, 203, 305 Sea-grasses, Geographical Distribution of, 211 Spectroscope, Sir W. Thomson, F.R.S., on the (Br. A.), 267 Spectrum of Comet, 95; of Uranus, 88 Spectrum Microscope, Compound Prism for, 511 Sponges in the British Museum, 50 Sponges, their Affinities, by H. J. Carter and W. Saville Spontaneous Generation, 125; Dr. Bastian on, 178; Sir Wm. Squier (E. G.), on the Ruined Cities of Central America, 466 State Scientific Questions, proposed Commission on, 130 Statistical Society, Proceedings of, 154, 168 Stephan (M.), his Observations of Encke's Comet, 492, 499 Stokes's Dynamical Theory, Sir Wm. Thomson, F. R.S., on Stonyhurst, Meteorological Observatory at, 247, 248 Storm of August 12, 1871, 326 Secchi (Père) on the Sun and its Temperature, 41, 82, 204, 384 Storms, Magnetic, in Higher Latitudes, 441 Seeley (H. G.) on Ornithosauria, 100 Sensation and Science, 177 Sharp and Dresser's "Birds of Europe," 308 Serocold (G. P.) on Rain after Fire, 83 Sewage, Prof. Corfield on, 287 Shaw (J.), Changes in the Habits of Animals, 506 Shetland, Magnetic Storms in, 441 Ships of War, Improved (Br. A)., 397 Shooting Stars of August 1871, 504 Signal Light for Storm and Danger, Inextinguishable, 49 Signal Service in America (See Meteorology, Hough, Prof. S. W., Maury, Prof. T. B., Wild, Prof.) Silver, Coal and Gems, in Bolivia, 418 Skelton (Mr.) his New Lamp for Street Lighting, 477 Skull of the Eel, its Structure, 146 Slade Professorship at University College, 50 Sladen (Capt.) his Expedition to Yunan, 405 Smith (John) on "Domestic Botany," 304 Smith (Worthington G., F. L.S.) on New and Rare Fungi, 240 Smyth (C. P., F. R.S.) Paris Observatory and Metric System, 120 Societies and Academies, 17, 36, 57, 77, 95, 115, 134, 153, 173 Society of Antiquaries, Exhibition of Stone Implements, 50 Solar Eclipse (See Eclipse) Solar Parallax, Prof. S. Newcomb on, 160; R. A. Proctor, F.R. A.S., on, 183, 424 Solar Radiation Temperatures, 393 Solar Spectrum, Prof. C. A. Young on the, 445 Solly (Samuel, F.R.S.), Obituary Notice of, 436 Sorby (H. C., F.R.S.) on the Various Tints of Foliage, 341; on Blood Spectrum, 505; Compound Prisms for Spectrum Sound, its Velocity in Coal, 487, 506 Permanent Commission on State Stowmarket, Gun-Cotton Explosion, 309, 518 Strange (Lt. Col., F.R.S.), Science Questions," 130 Striated Muscular Fibre in Gasteropoda, 114 Strontian, Argyleshire, Mineralogy of, 37 Strutt (Hon. J. W.) on Colour, 142 Stuart (J.) on Prof. Tyndall's Fragments of Science," 237 Submarine Telegraphs, 8; Injuries to, 436 Sun: Prof. Newcomb on, 41, 160, 183, 204, 322, 423; R. A. Sun's Parallax, John Flamsteed's Ghost, on, 503 Switzerland, Biology in, 171; “Bibliothéque Universelle et Revue Sylvester (Prof. F.R.S.) and the Government, 324, 326 Tait (Prof. P. G., M.A.) on Mathematical and Physical Science Talbot (Fox) on a Method of Estimating the Distances of Fixed Tapeworm (Tania mediocanellata), 500, 506 Tate (George), of Alnwick, his Death, 210 Technical Education, Wm. Rushton on, 142, 166; W. Mattieu Williams on, 180 "Telegraph Earth," Quantitative Method of Testing, 399 Teleosaurus from Kimmeridge Bay, 153 Telescope for the Washington Observatory, 493 Temperature, its Distribution in the North Atlantic, 251 66 Thermometer, Self-Registering, 430; Observations, 467 Thunderstorms, Rev. C. A. Johns, F. L.S., on, 367 Tidal Committee (Br. A.), Report by Sir W. Thomson, 375 Tissandier, Gaston, on Aerostation, 3 Tobacco, a Poison for Snakes, 494 Todhunter (I., F.R.S.), Solution of a Geometrical Problem, 444 Transparency, a Cause of, Prof. Zenger on (Br. A.), 354 Transit Instrument at Greenwich, 103 Transit of Venus, 12, 103, 107; Preparations for Observations Trout, Tailless, in Scotland (Br. A.), 333 Tunnel through Mont Cenis, Opening of the, 415 Turner(W., M.D), Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 359 Typhoon in Japan, 375 Ullyett (Henry), on the Duties of Local Nat. Hist. Societies, 142 Uarnus, Spectrum of, 88 Utrecht, Science at, 31 Valencia, Meteorological Observatory at, 245 Vapour of Iodine, Dr. Andrews on (Br. A.), 316 Vascular Cryptogams, Classification of (See Williamson, Prof.) Vertebrate Skeleton, Mivart St. George, F. R.S.,on the, 36 Victoria Institute, 50, 148 Vision, Defective, Dr. Boettcher on, 140 Vital Force, Prof. Allen Thomson on (Br. A.), 295 Volcanic Region of Cotapaxi, 212 Volcano in America, 56; near Celebes, 286; Pacific Islands, 169 Voelcker (Dr.) on Soils and Drainage, 38 66 Walker (Henry) on 'Saturday Afternoon Rambles Round Wallace (Alfred R., F.Z. S.) on Staveley's British Insects, 22; Waller (W. E.) on a Rare Moth, 466 Ward (Thos.) on Optical Phenomenon of Colour, 68 Waterspouts in Cork Harbour, 325; in Southern India, 287; in Watson (H. W.), "Elements of Plane and Solid Geometry," 364 Weinhold (Adolp. F.) his "Experimental Physics," 148 West India Islands, Ornithology of, 473; Conchology, 307; Wheat Cultivation in India, 108 66 Wheeler (Prof.) on Chemistry in the United States," 292 White (Dr. J.B.), Lepidoptera of Perthshire, 190. Williamson (Prof. W. C., F. R.S.) on the Fossil Plants of the Wirtgen (Dr. P. H.), "Flora der Preussichen Rheinlande," 211 Working Men's Club and Institute Scientific Classes, 211 Working Men's University, Proposed, 41 66 Workshop, The," by Prof. Baumer and others, 179 Yarkand, its Longitude solved, 38 Yarrell's "British Birds," Revised Edition of, 89, 403 Yates (Jas., F.R.S.), Legacies to University College, 260, 307 Year Book of Science Advocated by Sir W. Thomson, 264 Zenger (Prof.) on a Cause of Transparency (Br. A.) 354 Zöllner (Prof.), his New Theory of Sun-Spots, 163 Zoological Results of Dredging Expedition off Spain and Portugal Zoology at the Br. A., 317, 377 Zoology, its Study in Great Britain, 193 Zoological Society, Frigate Bird at Gardens, 394; New Species Wales (Capt. Douglas) "On the Converging of the Wind in Zoology of New Zealand, 51; of Nova Scotia, 32; of Palestine, 32 Zoology, Recent French Discoveries, 369 it furnished him with the rudiments of various sciences that he could pursue and extend in his leisure moments. A few years more passed away, and the advances made in THE SMALLER LECTURESHIPS AT THE every department of knowledge rendered it impossible for AB LONDON MEDICAL SCHOOLS 1. THE CONSERVATION OF FORCE BOUT sixty years ago the student who determined to enter the medical profession was usually bound as an apprentice to some respectable country practitioner, and spent several years in acquiring the rudiments of his profession, by bandaging bad legs, dressing simple wounds, bleeding freely everybody that presented himself and prescribing and dispensing for the poor. He then came to London, or attended one of the larger provincial towns provided with a hospital, and followed the practice of some celebrity, hearing an occasional lecture and much clinical discussion, and finally presented himself for examination before the Master and Court of Assistants of the College of Surgeons, and started in practice. Such training was solid and good; practice went before, and theory followed after; some thought, indeed, the cart went before the horse; yet the excellence of the plan was shown in the high scientific position and lucrative practice obtained by many a well-known name. As Shakespeare knew little Latin and less Greek, our student knew little anatomy and less physiology, but what he did know was substantial, and served him in good stead. A few years after the time we are speaking of, systematic courses of lectures upon various subjects, as upon chemistry, botany, anatomy and physiology, medicine and surgery, began to be delivered at the larger schools, at the instigation of the Society of Apothecaries, who were constituted by the Act of 1815 the guardians of "general practice," two or even three subjects being given by the same lecturer; and attendance upon these soon came to be regarded as an important part of the student's education. So far all was well. The several subjects mentioned above were treated broadly by such men as Abernethy, Cooper, Babington, and others, generally speaking with direct reference to medicine or surgery; and the student underwent a training that possessed considerable value in relation to his future profession, whilst VOL. IV. any man to undertake singly to lecture upon two different sciences, such as chemistry and botany, or even upon two such cognate subjects as anatomy and physiology. Each required its separate professor, who delivered from thirty to ninety lectures upon his special science, and attendance upon them was rigorously enforced both by the lecturer himself and by the examining bodies. No And now ensued a period that was undoubtedly opposed to all true intellectual training. The student, as soon as he entered the profession, saw little practice, but was everlastingly in attendance upon lectures. mental effort was required, and, except in the case of first-rate lecturers, none, we are convinced, was ever exerted in acquiring and assimilating the information conveyed. Here and there a good lecturer, thoroughly master of his subject, chained his audience; but the substance of four out of five lectures either entered at one ear to pass out at the other, or was altogether refused admission to the brain by the locked portals of the slumbering student. The horses were indeed put before the cart, but the team was so strong that they often ran away with the cart before anything useful had been put into it. The requirements of the examining bodies in regard to these lectures rendered it imperative for every school, however small, to have as numerous a staff of lecturers as the largest. The senior officers of the medical staff consequently took the more important subjects of medicine and surgery, anatomy and physiology, whilst the younger ones divided amongst them chemistry and botany, materia medica, forensic medicine, and midwifery. In many instances these latter posts were filled by gentlemen who had received no special training, but who accepted them and often worked at them with praiseworthy energy, merely to secure the succession to the medical staff, upon obtaining which the minor lectureship was at once given up. It is obvious that lectureships so obtained and so held must have been in many instances valueless alike to the lecturer himself and to the student who sat under him, yielding to the former a barren honour, and to B |