GENEALOGICAL TABLES XIX GENEALOGY OF THE PRINCES OF ORANGE FROM WILLIAM I. SHORTER AND SOMETIMes more dETAILED GENEALOGIES will be found in the following pages. Genealogy of the principal Northumbrian kings family of Godwine Genealogical connection between the Houses of England and Normandy Conqueror's sons and children English kings from Ecgberht to Eadgar " English kings from Eadgar to Eadgar the Etheling John's sons and grandsons claimants of the Scottish throne more important sons of Edward III. claimants of the throne in 1399 kings of Scotland from Robert Bruce to James I. Nevills Houses of Lancaster and York Beauforts and Tudors House of York. Woodvilles and Greys Abbreviated genealogy of Henry VII. and his competitors Genealogy of the Houses of Spain and Burgundy Poles children of Henry VIII. . last Valois kings of France of Mary and Darnley. of the descendants of Charles I. claimants of the Spanish monarchy first three Hanoverian kings family of Louis XIV. principal descendants of Queen Victoria PAGE 41 56 78 83 84 85 89 131 156 208 216 265 286 295 324 327 335 337 338 344 349 399 411 421 433 435 438 609 669 702 707 1. Palæolithic Man of the River-Drift.-Countless ages ago, there was a period of time to which geologists have given the name of the Pleistocene Age. The part of the earth's surface afterwards called Britain was then attached to the Continent, so that animals could pass over on dry land. The climate was much colder than it is now, and it is known from the bones which have been dug up that the country was inhabited by wolves, bears, mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and other creatures now extinct. No human remains have been found amongst these bones, but there is no doubt that men existed contemporaneously with their deposit, because, in the river drift, or gravel washed down by rivers, there have been discovered flints sharpened by chipping, which can only have been produced by the hand of man. The men who used them are known as Palæolithic, or the men of ancient stone, because these stone implements are rougher and therefore older than others which have B 2 been discovered. These Palæolithic men of the river drift were a race of stunted savages who did not cultivate the ground, but Palaeolithic flint scraper from Icklingham, lived on the animals which they killed, and must have had great difficulty in procuring food, as they did not know how to make handles for their sharpened flints, and must therefore have had to hold them in their hands. 2. Cave-dwelling Palæolithic Man. This race was succeeded by another which dwelt in caves. They, as well as their predecessors, are known as Palæolithic men, as their weapons were still very rude. As, however, they had learnt to make handles for them, they could construct Palæolithic flint implement from Hoxne, Suffolk. arrows, harpoons, and javelins. They also made awls and needles of stone; and, what is more remarkable, they possessed a decided artistic power, which enabled them to indicate by a few vigorous scratches the forms of horses, mammoths, reindeer, and other animals. Vast heaps of rubbish still exist in various parts of Europe, which are found to consist of the bones, shells, and other refuse thrown out by these later Palæolithic men, who had no reverence for the dead, casting out the bodies of their relations to decay with as little thought as they threw away oyster-shells or reindeer-bones. Traces of Palæolithic men of this type have been found as far north as Derbyshire. Their descendants are no longer to be met with in these islands. The Eskimos of the extreme north Engraved bone from Cresswell Crags, Derbyshire, now in the British Museum of America, however, have the same artistic faculty and the same disregard for the dead, and it has therefore been supposed that the cave-dwelling men were of the race to which the modern Eskimos belong. 3. Neolithic Man.-Ages passed away during which the climate became more temperate, and the earth's surface in these regions sank to a lower level. The seas afterwards known as the North Sea and the English Channel flowed over the depression; and an island was thus formed out of land which had once been part of the continent. After this process had taken place, a third race appeared, which must have crossed the sea in rafts or canoes, and which took the place of the Palæolithic men. They are known as Neo lithic, or men of the new stone age, because their stone implements were of a newer kind, being polished and more efficient than those of their predecessors. They had, therefore, the advantage of supe |