Assaye, battle of, 859 Assembly of divines, proposal to refer church questions to, 534; meeting of, 540; declares for Presbyterianism, 543 Asser, life of Elfred by, 61 Assiento Treaty, the 696 Assize of Arms, 154
Assize of Clarendon, see Clarendon Association, the, in defence of Elizabeth, 456
Association, the, in defence of William III., 666
Athelney, Elfred takes refuge in, 58 Athlone taken by the army of William III., 656
Attainder, Bill of, against Thomas Crom well, 401; nature of a, ib., note i.; against Strafford, 531
Auckland, Lord, his policy in Afghan- istan, 949
Aughrim, battle of, 656
Augustine preaches to the men of Kent, 39: becomes Archbishop of Canter- bury and founds other bishoprics, 40; fails to obtain the co-operation of the Welsh bishops, 41
Auldearn, battle of, 547
Aumale, Earl of, surrenders his castles to Hubert de Burgh, 187 Aurungzebe weakens the Mogul em- pire, 758; death of, 759 Austerlitz, battle of, 854
Australia, progress of the colonisation of, 967
Australasian colonies, the, 918 Austria, imprisonment of Richard I. in, 161; takes part in the Grand Alliance, 675; attacked by Frederick II., 733; joins a coalition against Frederick II., French declaration of 749: against, 824; makes the treaty of Campo-Formio with France, 837; takes part in the second coalition, 838; joins the third coalition, 854; Francis II. adopts the title of Emperor of, 856; joins Russia and Prussia against Napoleon, 871; acquires Lombardy and Venetia, 873; adoption of a con- stitutional system in, 934; at war with Hungary, 935: its army defeated at Magenta and Solferino, 956: its army defeated at Sadowa, 963; acquires the protectorate over Bosnia and Herze- govina, 970
Austrian succession, war of, 732; end of the war of, 743
Avice of Gloucester divorced by John,
Balliol, Edward, wins and loses the crown of Scotland, 232, 233 Balliol, John, descent of, 215; declared King of Scotland, 216; is defeated and surrenders the crown, 219
Ballot, the, introduced into parliament- ary elections, 965
Bamborough, Ida's fortress at, 36; Mowbray besieged in, 120 monastery Bangor-iscoed, slaughter of the monks of, 43 Bank of England, the, foundation of, 660 Bannockburn, battle of, 226 Barbadoes, prisoners sent to, 564; dis- senters sent to, 588
Barcelona, surrender of, 682; failure of the French to retake, 684 Barebone's Parliament, the, origin of the name of, 566; dissolution of, 567 Barnet, battle of, 334
Baronets, origin of the order of, 494 Barrosa, battle of, 869
Barrow, Henry, a separatist, hanged,
Barrow, Isaac, addresses his sermons to the understanding, 598 Basel, treaties of, 829
Basing House taken by Cromwell, 549 Basques, the, Iberian descent of, 5 Bastwick sentenced by the Star Cham- ber, 521 Bate's case, 484 Bath, see Aqua Sulis Battle Abbey, site of, 96 Baugé, battle of, 306
Baxter, imprisoned by Jeffreys, 635 Bayeux Tapestry, the, 98 Baylen, capitulation of, 863 Bayonne taken by the French, 320 Beachy Head, battle of, 657 Beaconsfield, Earl of, insists on the Russians laying their agreement with the Turks before a congress, 969; end of the ministry of, 971 Bears, performing, 275
Beaton, Cardinal, burns Wishart, 412; is murdered, 414 Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester, becomes Chancellor, 299: invites Par liament to support Henry V., 301. opposes Gloucester, 308; becomes a cardinal, 309; continues his opposition
to Gloucester, 314; policy of, 317: death of, 318
Bec, Abbey of, 89, 117 Becket, see Thomas, Archbishop of Can- terbury
Bede, Ecclesiastical History of, 52 Bedford, West Saxon victory at, 35; castle of Faukes de Breauté at, 187 Bedford, John, Duke of, brother of Henry V., sent to secure Harfleur, 303; Regent of France, 307; marries the Duke of Burgundy's sister, ib.; defeats the French at Verneuil, 308; returns to England, 312; death of, 313 Bedford, Duke of, joins George Gren- ville's ministry, 770; death of, 779 Bedingfield, Sir Henry, takes charge of Elizabeth, 423
Begums of Oude, Hastings forces to pay money to the Nawab, 805 Belgians land in Britain, 8 Belgium, independence of, 912 Bellême, see Robert of Bellême Benedict of Nursia establishes the Benedictine rule, 40
Benedictines, monasteries of the, 128 Benevolences invented by Edward IV., 335; abolished by Richard III., 342; raised by James Í., 497.
Bengal, Surajah Dowlah's overthrow in, 762; Clive returns to, 801 Bensington, Mercian victory at, 53 Bentham, principles of, 890; spread of the opinions of, 939
Bentinck, Lord George, nominal leader of the Protectionists in the House of Commons, 931; death of, 938 Berengaria marries Richard I., 161 Berlin decree, the, 859 Berlin, treaty of, 969
Bernard du Guesclin, see Du Guesclin Bernicia, formation of the kingdom of, 36; is merged for a time in North- humberland, 41; is untouched by the preaching of Paulinus, 46; is finally merged in North-humberland, 48; maintains its independence after the Danish conquest, 59 Bertha obtains from thelberht a dis- used church, 38
Berwick, Duke of, opposed to Galway in Spain, 684 Berwick, Treaty of, 526
Bhonsla, the, a Mahratta chief, 802; reduced to sign a subsidiary treaty, 859
Bible, the, Henry VIII. authorises the translation of, 396
Bigod, Hugh, appointed justiciar by the barons, 199
Bigod, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, resists Edward I., 220
Bill of Rights, the, 656 Birmingham Political Union, the, 904;
Bishops, nominated by congé d'élire,
391; first Bill for removing from the House of Lords, 533; impeachment of
the twelve, 535; excluded from the House of Lords, 536
Bishops' War, the first, 526; the second,
Black Death, the, 248, 259
Black Prince, the, fights at Crecy, 242; ravages the south of France, and de- feats the French at Poitiers, 251; his courtesy to King John, 252; is sent to Aquitaine, 254; his expedition into Spain, 255; taxes Aquitaine, 256; loses Aquitaine, 257; leads the Good Parliament, and dies, 262 Blackwater, the, defeat of Bagenal on, 475
Blake, defends Taunton, 548; appointed to command the fleet, 565; sent to the Mediterranean, 571; destroys Spanish ships at Santa Cruz, 573; death of, ib.
Blanche Tache, ford of, 240 Blanketeers, the, march of, 877 Blenheim, battle of, 62 Bloody Assizes, the, 637 Blore Heath, battle of, 326 Boadicea, insurrection of, 15 Bocher, Joan, burnt, 419
Bohemia, outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in, 490
Bohun, Humfrey, Earl of Hereford, resists Edward I., 220 Boleyn, Anne, see Anne Boleyn Bolingbroke, Viscount, carries
Schism Act, 699; overpowered by the Whigs, 700; escapes to France, and becomes Secretary to the Pretender, 705; dismissed by the Pretender, ib. ; returns to England, 721; organises an opposition against Walpole, 722; stirs up public opinion against the Excise Bill, 724; returns to France, ib.; see St. John, Henry
Bombay acquired by Charles II., 587; made over by Charles II. to the East India Company, 758
Bonaparte, Napoleon, distinguishes himself at the siege of Toulon, 826; his campaign in Italy, 834; signs the Peace of Campo-Formio, 837; his expedition to Egypt, b.; invades Syria and returns to France, 838: becomes First Consul, 839; makes overtures to England, 840: wins the battle of Marengo, and makes peace with Austria at Lunéville, 840; con- tinued annexations by, 848; becomes Emperor of the French, 858; see Napoleon I.
Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Can- terbury, 197
Bonner, Bishop, deprived of his see, 416 Booth, Sir George, defeated at Winning- ton Bridge, 575
Bordeaux taken by the French, 320 Boroughbridge, defeat of Thomas of Lancaster at, 228
Boston, soldiers killed at, 780; tea
thrown into the harbour of, ib.; opera. tions of the British force at, 783; evacuated by Howe, 784 Boston Port Act, the, 782 Bosworth, battle of, 343
Botany Bay, convict settlement at, 858 Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of, career of, 439
Bothwell Bridge, defeat of the Covenan- ters at, 620
Boulogne, taken by Henry VIII., 405; surrendered by Warwick, 417; pre- parations for the invasion of Eng- land at, 848; French army at, 851 Bourbon, the Duke of, revolt of, 371; death of, 374
Bouvines, battle of, 181
Boxley, destruction of the rood of, 398 Boyne, battle of, the, 656
Brabant, the Duke of, captures Jacque- line of Hainault, 308
Braddock routed and killed, 748 Bradford-on-Avon, early stone church at,
Bramham Moor, defeat of Northumber- land on, 296
Brandreth, murder by, 879
Breda, declaration of, 576; treaty of, 593 Breed's Hill taken by the Americans, 783 Brember hanged, 280
Brentford, Charles I. at, 537 Bretigni, Treaty of, 253 Bretwalda, title of, 44
Bridgenorth, Robert of Bellême's castle
at, 121; besieged by Henry I., 124 Bridges, making and repair of, 272, 273 Bridgman, Sir Orlando, declares that the king's ministers are responsible, 581 Bridgwater taken by Fairfax, 549; Mon- mouth at, 637
Bridgewater Canal, the, 813 Brigantes, the, conquest of, 16 Bright, John, a leader in the Anti- Corn-Law League, 924; opposes a war with China, 955 Brihtnoth slain at Maldon, 79 Brihuega, surrender of Stanhope at, 692 Brill seized by exiles from the Nether-
Brindley designs the Bridgewater Canal, 814
Bristol garrisoned by Robert of Glou-
cester, 134; stormed by Rupert, 538 Britain, its name derived from the Britons, 6; tin trade opened to, 8; Gauls and Belgians in, ib.; Cæsar's in- vasion of, 11; trade of Gaul with, 12; beginning of the Roman conquest of, 13-17; condition of the Roman pro- vince of, 19-22; emperors specially connected with, 22; Christianity in, 23; ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 23; and by the Saxons, 24: military divi- sions of, ib. ; end of the Roman govern- ment of, 25, 26; is deserted by the Romans, 26; its organisation after the departure of the Romans, ib. ; the Eng- lish conquest of, 27-29
British Columbia joins the Dominion of Canada, 967
Britons, the, succeed the Goidels, 6; lan- guages spoken by the descendants of, 7; habits of, 9; religion of, 10; intro- duction of Roman manners amongst, 13; increased civilisation of, 21; non- existence of a national feeling amongst, 22; ask Honorius in vain for help, 25; the groans of the, 26; treatment of, by the English conquerors, 29; are better treated in the West, 31; slight modi- fication of English language by them, 31; see Kymry
Brittany, its relation with Henry II., 155; Edward III. sends forces to, 240; annexed to France, 349. Broad-bottomed Administration, the,
Browne, Archbishop of Dublin, destroys relics and images in Ireland, 402 Browne, Robert, founder of the Separat. ists, 470
Brownists, see Separatists
Bruce, Edward, invades Ireland, 264 Bruce, Robert, claims the crown of Scot- land, 215
Bruce, Robert, grandson of the preceding, see Robert I.
Brunanburh, battle of, 63 Brut, Layamon's, 207 Brythons, see Britons
Bucer, Martin, teaches in England, 416 Buchan, Countess of, imprisoned, 224 Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of, supports Richard III., 338, 341; executed as a rebel, 342
Buckingham, George Villiers, First Duke of, beconies Marquis of Bucking. ham and Lord Admiral, 488; accom. panies Charles to Madrid, 497; be- comes Duke of Buckingham, and advo- cates war with Spain, 500; promises money for foreign wars, 501; his ascendency over Charles I., 502; tries to pawn the crown jewels, 503; lends ships to fight against Rochelle, 504; impeachment of, 505; leads an expedi tion to Ré, 506; feeling of Wentworth towards, 508; murder of, 510 Buckingham, George Villiers, Second Duke of, in favour with Charles II., 599; his sham treaty with France, 603; dismissal of, 608
Buckingham, Henry Stafford, Duke of, execution of, 369
Buildings, improvement in, in Elizabeth's time, 465
Bulgaria, becomes a tributary princi- pality, 969; annexation of Eastern
Roumelia to, 970 Bunker's Hill, 783
Bunyan writes Pilgrim's Progress, 596 Burdett, Sir Francis, advocates uni
versal suffrage, 879
Burford, West Saxon victory at, 53 Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, as Sir William Cecil becomes the chief adviser
of Elizabeth, 429; urges Elizabeth to assist the Scotch Protestants, 433; becomes Lord Burghley and discovers the Ridolfi plot, 445; death of, 480 Burgos, siege of, 869
Burgoyne, General, capitulates at Sara- toga, 786
Burgundians, party of the, opposed to the Armagnacs, 296, 299; are friendly to Henry V., 301
Burgundy, Charles the Rash, Duke of, marries the sister of Edward IV., 332; policy of, 336; is slain at Nancy, ib. Burgundy, John the Fearless, Duke of, has the Duke of Orleans murdered, 296; allies himself with Henry V., 301; holds aloof in the campaign of Agin- court, 302; makes war upon the Armag- nacs, 303; murder of, 305 Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of, joins the English against the Dauphin, 306; allies himself with the Duke of Bedford, 307; forms a league with Charles VII., 313; inherits territories in the Netherlands, ib.
Burhs erected by Eadward the Elder, 62 Birke, Edmund, enters Parliament, 772; his views on American taxation, 773; opposes parliamentary reform, 777: argues against taxing America, 780; his speech on economical reform, 789 passes a bill for economical re- form, 795; the author of the India Bill of the Coalition, 806; his part in the impeachment of Hastings, 811; publishes Reflections on the French Revolution, 822
Burley, Sir Simon, executed, 280 Burnet, Gilbert, his conversation with William of Orange, 645 Burns, poetry and opinions of, 887 Burton, sentenced by the Star Chamber,
Bury St. Edmunds, foundation of the monastery at, 58; death of Svend at, 82; meeting of barons at, 181 Busaco, combat at, 867
Bute, Earl of, becomes Prime Minister, 766; resignation of, 768 Butler, author of Hudibras, 597 Butler, Bishop, writes The Analogy, 745 Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, pleads for the abolition of slavery, 910 Byng, Admiral, fails to relieve Minorca, 749; shot, 750
Byng, Sir George, defeats a Spanish fleet, off Cape Passaro, 709 Byron, Lord, poetry and death of, 888
CABINET, the, its origin, 660; develop-
ment of, 687; strengthened by the withdrawal of George I. from, 704 Cabul, taken by the British, 949; re- treat of the British from, 950; Pol- lock retakes, ib.
Cade, Jack, rebellion of, 322
Cadiz, capture of, 464; Cecil's expedi tion to, 503
Cadmon, poetry of, 52
Cadwalla, allied with Penda, 46 is defeated by Oswald, 47
Caen, burial of William I. at, 114; stormed by Henry V., 303 Caerleon upon Usk, see Isca Silurum Cæsar, Gaius Julius, makes war in Gaul and Germany, 10; twice invades Britain, 11
Caint, the, occupied by the Cantii, 8 Calais taken by Edward III., 243; besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, 313: loss of, 427; Elizabeth's hope of regaining, 436; the Armada takes re- fuge in, 462; Cromwell's anxiety to
Calcutta, grows up round Fort William, 758; the Black Hole of, 762
Calder, Sir Robert, defeats a French fleet, 856
Caledonians, the, wars of Agricola with, 16
Calvin, his work at Geneva, 430 Calvinism influences Elizabethan Pro- testantism, 430
Cambrai, league of, 363; treaty of, 383 Cambridge, the Earl of, execution of, 301 Camden, Lord, dismissed, 776; see Pratt, Chief Justice
Campbell, Sir Colin, suppresses the Indian mutiny and becomes Lord Clyde, 954
Campeggio, Cardinal, appointed legate to hear the divorce case of Henry VIII., 382
Camperdown, battle of, 837 Campion lands in England, 453; execu tion of, 454.
Campo Formio, peace of, 937 Camulodunum, Cunobelin's headquarters at, 12; Roman colony of, 13; captured by Boadicea, 15
Canada, possess:d by France, 747; plan of Pitt for the conquest of, 753; con- quest of, 756; abandonment of the French claim to, 766; failure of the Americans to overrun, 784; discon- tent in, 914; union between the pro- vinces of, 916; enters into a federa- tion called the Dominion of Canada, 967 Canning, enters Portland's Ministry, 857; sends a fleet to fetch the Danish ships from Copenhagen, 860; fights a duel with Castlereagh and resigns office, 865: succeeds Castlereagh as Foreign Secretary, 882; acknowledges the independence of the Spanish colonies in America, 883; sends troops to secure P. rtugal, 884; becomes Prime Minister, 892; death of, ib. Canning, Lord, Governor-General of India, 952
Canningites, the, take office under Wellington. 893; resignation of, 895; join Lord Grey's Ministry, 901
Cannon, first use of, 242 Canrobert, Marshal, commands French army in the Crimea, 946 Canterbury, Athelberht's residence at, 38; Augustine preaches at, 39; founda- tion of the archbishopric o', 40; murder of Archbishop Thomas at, 150; Henry II. does penance at, 153; architecture of the choir of, 171; disputed election of the Archbishop of, 177 Canterbury Tales, the, 270 Cape Breton ceded by France, 766 Cape of Good Hope, first conquest of, 837; second conquest of, 848 Caractacus, defeat and flight of, 13; capture of, 14
Carausius claims to be emperor, 22 Carberry Hill, Mary's surrender at, 439 Cardinal College founded by Wolsey, 377, 383; see Christchurch' Carham, battle of, 84
Carisbrooke Castle, detention of Charles I. in, 556
Carlisle fortified by William II., 119 Carlyle, his Sartor Resartus, 941 Carnarvon, Edward I. builds a castle at,
Carolina, colonisation of, 629 Caroline, Queen (wife of George II.),
her influence over her husband, 720; death of, 725
Caroline, Queen (wife of George IV.), separated from her husband, 881; failure of a bill for dissolving the marriage of, 882
Carriages and carts, 273
Carteret, Lord, his rivalry with Walpole,
718; foreign policy of, 732; wish-s to combine Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa against France, 736; attempts to revive the policy of the Whigs of Anne's reign, 737; causes of his weaknesses, 738; his fall, 739 Cartwright advocates the Presbyterian system, 446
Cartwright, invents the power loom, 816 Carucage substituted for Danegeld, 162 Cash payments, suspension of, 835; re- sumption of, 879 Cashel, synod at, 152 Casket letters, the, 440 Cassel, battle of, 235
Cassiterides, the geographical position of, 8
Cassivelaunus, resistance to Cæsar by, 11 Castile, intervention of the Black Prince
in, 255; united with Aragon, 349 Castlebar, the race of, 841 Castlemaine, Lady, uses her influence against Clarendon, 594 Castlereagh, Lord, secures a majority for the Irish Union 842; enters Port- land's ministry, 857; sends an expedi- tion against Antwerp, 865; fights a duel with Canning, and resigns office, ib.; is Foreign Secretary in Liverpool's Ministry, 877; protests against Met- ternich's policy, 882; suicide of, ib.
Catalonia, espouses the cause of the Archduke Charles, 684; abandoned to Philip V., 696
Câteau Cambresis, peace of, 431 Catesby plans Gunpowder Plot, 483 Catharine of Aragon, marriage of, 363: Henry VIII. grows tired of, 379; divorce suit against, 382; is divorced, 389; the sentence of Clement Vil. in favour of, 390; death of, 395 Catharine of Braganza marries Charles II., 587
Catherine of Aragon married to Prince Arthur, 356; marriages proposed for,
357 Catherine of France marries Henry V., 306; marries Owen Tudor, 335 Catherine de Medicis, widow of Henry II., king of France, becomes regent, 433; takes part in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 449
Catherine Howard, marriage and execu tion of, 401
Catherine Parr, marriage of, 401 Catholic Association, the, Act for the dissolution of, 895
Catholic emancipation, proposed by Pitt, 842; attitude of parties towards, 895; passing of an Act for, 896 Catholics, Roman, laws directed against, 453, 454; their position at the end of Elizabeth's reign, 475; increased per secution of, after Gunpowder Plot, 483; negotiation between James 1. and Spain for the relief of, 458; tendency of Charles II. to support, 584; declaration for the toleration of, issued by Charles II., 587; perse- cuted about the Popish Plot, 610; efforts of James II. in favour of, 634, 638, 640
Cato Street Conspiracy, the, 881 Cattle-breeding, improvements in, 813 Catuvellauni, the, position of, 9; at- tacked by Cæsar, 11; subsequeat history of, 12
Cavour, his negotiation with Napoleon III., 956
Cawnpore, besieged by Nana Sahib,
953; massacre at, ib.
Caxton, William, establishes a printing- press at Westminster, 358 Ceawlin overruns the Severn Valley, 35; defeated at Wanborough, 36 Cecil, Sir Edward, commands the Cadiz expedition, 503
Celibacy of the clergy, early opinion in
favour of, 65; inculcated at Cluny, 67 Celtic Christianity, influence of, 47, 49. Celts, the, succeed the Iberians in Western Europe, 5; are divided into two stocks, 7; know their conquerors as Saxons, 29.
Ceorls, distinguished from Eorls, 29; are the tillers of the soil, 30 Chancellor, the official position of, 127; becomes a judge, 260
Chancery, Court of, proposal of the Bare-
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