bone's Parliament to suppress, 567; reformed by Cromwell, 569; nature of the decisions of, 605
Chantries, Act for the dissolution of, 412; their income vested in the king, 415 Charles, the Archduke, styles himsel Charles III. King of Spain, 682; his cause espoused by Catalonia, 684; enters Madrid, 692; succeeds to his trother's hereditary dominions, 692; elected Emperor, 695; see Charles VI. Emperor
Charles the Great, Emperor, 55, 63, Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, 63; cedes Normandy to Hrolf,
Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, claims
part of the dominions left to Maria Theresa, 732; elected Emperor, as Charles VII., 734.
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, at-
tempts to drive the Austrians out of Italy, 934; defeat and abdication of, 936 Charles Edward, see Pretender, the Young
Charles Martel defeats the Mohamme
Charles I., intention of the Gunpowder plotters to blow up, 483; proposals of marriage for, 488; visits Spain, 497; is eager for war with Spain, 500; negotiation for marriage with Henri- etta Maria, 501; becomes king and marries Henrietta Maria, 502; ad- journs his first parliament to Oxford, ib.; dissolves his first parliament and sends out the Cadiz expedition, 503; meets his second Parliament, ib.; dis- solves his second Parliament, 505; orders the collection of a forced loan, 506; meets his third Parliament, 508; consents to the Petition of Right, 509; claims a right to levy Tonnage and Poundage, 510; issues a declaration on the Articles, 512; dissolves his third Parliament, 513; his personal govern- ment, 514; levies knighthood fines, 515 insists on the reading of the Declaration of Sports, 517; levies fines for encroaching on forests, 523; levies ship money, ib.; imposes a new prayer-book on Scotland, 525; leads an army against the Scots, 526; con- sults Wentworth, 527; makes Went- worth Earl of Strafford, and summons the Short Parliament, 528; dissolves the Short Parliament, marches again against the Scots, and summons the Long Parliament, 529; assents to the Triennial Act, 530; signs a commis- sion for Strafford's execution, 531; visits Scotland, 532; returns to Eng- land, 534 rejects the Grand Remon- strance, 535; attempts to arrest the five members, 536; fights at Edgehill, 537; his plan of campaign, ib.; be- sieges Gloucester, and fights at New-
bury, 539; looks to Ireland for help, 541; sends Rupert to relieve York, 543; compels Essex's infantry to sur- render at Lostwithiel, and fights again at Newbury, 544: is defeated at Naseby, 548; attempts to join Mont- rose, 549; sends Glamorgan to Ireland, ib.; gives himself up to the Scots, 551; negotiates at Newcastle, ib. ; ex- plains his plans to the Queen, 552; conveyed to Holmby House, 553; con- ducted by Joyce to Newmarket, 555; attempt of Cromwell to come to an understanding with, 555; takes refuge in the Isle of Wight, and enters into the Engagement with the Scots, 556; removed to Hurst Castle, 557; trial of, 559 execution of, 560
Charles II., as Prince of Wales, pos- sesses himself of part of the fleet, 557; lands in Scotland, 563; escapes to France, 564; offers a reward for Crom- well's murder, 569; issues the declara- tion of Breda, 575; restoration of, 578; confirms Magna Carta, ib. ; cha- racter of, 579; leaves the government to Hyde, 580; revenue voted to, 582; approves a scheme of modified episco- pacy, 583; keeps a small armed force, 584; retains three regiments on paying off the army, ib.: profligacy of the court of, 586; issues a declaration in favour of toleration, 587; marriage of, and sale of Dunkirk by, ib.; dismisses Clarendon, 594; favours the Roman Catholics, 598; thinks of tolerating dissenters, and supports Buckingham and Arlington, 599; agrees to the treaty of Dover, 600; supports the Cabal, 602; extravagance of, 603; issues a Declaration of Indulgence, 604; goes to war with the Dutch, 605; withdraws the Declaration of Indulgence, 606; assents to the Test Act, 607; dismisses Shaftesbury and makes peace with the Dutch, 608; supports Danby, 610; receives a pen- sion from Louis XIV., 611; is inte- rested in commerce, 612; refuses to make war on France, 613; threatens France with war, 614; dissolves the Cavalier Parliament, 616; dissolves the first Short Parliament, 617; sup- ports his brother's claim to the crown, against Shaftesbury, 618; prorogues the second Short Parliament, 619; dismisses Shaftesbury, 620; dissolves the second and third Short Parlia- ments, 621; plot to murder, 625; death of, 627; constitutional progress in the reign of, ib.
Charles II., king of Spain, bad health of, 592; death of, 671 Charles III., king of Spain, renews the Family Compact, 766
Charles IV., king of France, death of, 232 Charles IV., king of Spain, his rela- tions with his son, 862; dethroned, 863
Charles V., Emperor, as king of Spain becomes the rival of Francis I., 366; vast inheritance of, 369; is chosen emperor, ib. : goes to war with France, 371; captures Francis I. at Pavia, 372; liberates Francis I., 374; allies himself with Henry VIII., 405; makes peace with France at Crêpy, 406; de- fends Mary's mass, 417; abdication of, 426
Charles V., king of France, opposes the English in Spain, 255; summons the Black Prince to Paris, 256; renews the war against the English, ib.; avoids a battle, 257
Charles VI., Emperor, dies after leaving
his dominions to Maria Theresa, 732 Charles VI., king of France, defeats the Flemings, 278; allies himself with Richard II., 282; loses his senses, 295; disinherits the Dauphin, 306; dies, 307 Charles VII., king of France, as Dau- phin, falls into the hands of the Armag- nacs, 303; is present at the murder of John, Duke of Burgundy, 305; is dis- inherited, 306; claims to succeed to the crown at his father's death, 307; his weakness, 309; is helped by the Maid of Orleans, 310; is crowned, 311; consents to a truce, 317; renews the war, 320
Charles VIII., king of France, succeeds to the crown, 348; invades Italy, 352; death of, 354.
Charles IX., king of France, accession of, 433: takes part in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 449; death of, 450 Charles X., king of France, overthrow of, 898
Charlotte, Princess, death of, 881 Charterhouse, the persecution of the monks of, 393
Chartists, the, demands of. 923; violence of, 924; meet on Kennington Common to present a monster petition, 935 Château Gaillard built by Richard I., 165; lost by John, 354 Chatham, Earl of, Prime Minister, 773; illness of, ib.; recovers his health, and takes up the cause of Wilkes, 776; resigns office, 774; declares for Par- liamentary reform, 777; death of, 787; see Pitt, William (the elder) Chaucer, Geoffrey, his Canterbury Tales, 270; influences of the Renas- cence on, 367
Cherbourg, expedition against, 753 Cheriton, battle of, 542
Chester (see Deva) submits to William
Cheyt Sing, Hastings demands a con-
tribution from, 804
Chinon, Henry II. dies at, 157
Chippenham, treaty of, 59 Chivalry, 235
Chocolate, introduction of, 630
Christ Church, at Canterbury, privileges of, 177; expulsion of the monks of, 178
Churchill, Lord, see Marlborough, Duke
of Cinque Ports, the, 218 Cintra, convention of, 864 Cirencester, see Corinium Cistercians, the, introduced into Eng- land, 129; decline of asceticism amongst, 167; are fined by John, 179 City of the violated treaty, the, 657 Ciudad Rodrigo, siege of, 869 Clare, Gilbert de, see Gloucester, Earl of Clare, Richard de, see Strongbow Clare, Richard de, see Gloucester, Earl of
Clarence, George, Duke of, brother of Edward IV., created a duke, 329; quar- marries Warwick's daughter, and rels with Edward IV., 332; put to death, 336
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, sent to Ire land 265
Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, brother of Henry IV., killed at Baugé, 306 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl of, as Edward Hyde is one of the leaders of the Anti-Presbyterian party in the Long Parliament, 533: becomes Lord Chancellor after the Restoration, 580. character of, ib.; created Earl of Clarendon, 587; is falsely supposed to be bribed, ib.; fall of, 594; escapes to France, 595
Clarendon, Henry Hyde, second Earl of, recalled from Ireland, 640 Clarendon, the Constitutions of, 144; the assize of, 146
Clarkson, publishes evidence against the slave trade, 823
Claudius, the Emperor, plans the con- quest of Britain, 13 Claverhouse, see Graham, John Clement VII., Pope, forms an Italian league against Charles V., 374; ap- points legates to try the divorce suit of Henry VIII, 382; revokes the cause to Rome, 383; gives sentence in favour of Catharine, 390 Clergy, the, see Ecclesiastical Courts, England, Church of
Clergy, the country, 633
Clericis Laicos, the Bull named, 220 Clifford, Lord, stabs the Earl of Rutland, 328 Clifford, Thomas, Lord, a member of the Cibal, 602; probable suggester of
the Stop of the Exchequer, 604; resig. nation of, 607
Clinton, Sir Henry, fails to co-operate with Burgoyne, 786; takes Charleston, 788 Clive, Robert, his career in Northern India, 761; subjugates Bengal, 762; is astonished at his own moderation, 764; his return to England and second visit to Bengal, 801 Clontarf, repealers prohibited from meet- ing at, 928
Closterseven, the Convention of, 752 Cluny, clerical celibacy inculcated at, 67; reforms originated at, 107 Cnut, reign of, 83-85
Coaches, improvement in, 633 Coalition Ministry, the, of Fox and North, 800; of Pitt and the Whigs, 828; of the Whigs and Peelites,
Cobbett, pamphlets of, 879
Cobden, a leader of the Anti-Corn-Law League, 924; opposes a war with China, 955: suggests a commercial treaty with France, 958 Cobham, Eleanor, mistress and wife of the Duke of Gloucester, 315; does pen. ance for witchcraft, 316 Coffee-houses, introduction of, 630 Coinage debased by Henry VIII., 409; further debased by Somerset, 416 Coke, Sir Edward, takes part in drawing up the Petition of Right, 508 Colchester, execution of the Abbot of, 400; reduced by Fairfax, 567 Colet promotes the study of Greek, and founds St. Paul's School, 367 Coligny, murder of, 449
College invents the Protestant flail, 615; condemned to death, 622
Colleges, first foundation of, at Oxford,
Colman disputes with Wilfrid, 50 Colonial expansion, 966 Colonies founded in Virginia and New England, 489; in Carolina, 629 Columba founds a monastery at lona, 47 Columbus discovers the West Indies, 354 Combination laws, the, modification of,
Commerce between Britain and Gaul, 8, 12; between England and Gaul, 38; under the Angevin kings, 168; under Edward I., 211; under Edward III., 235, 236; under Henry VII.,
Committee of Both Kingdoms, formation of, 542 Common Pleas, establishment of a sepa-
rate Court of, 212 Common Prayer, the Bock of, beginnings of, 409, 410; the first, of Edward VI., 415; the second, of Edward VI., 418; alterations in, in Elizabeth's reign, 429; Strickland proposes to amend, 445; generally accepted by the Par liamentary Presbyterians, 586
Commons, the House of (see Parlia ment), finally separated from the Lords, 243; struggle of, against unpar liamentary taxation, 244; importance of the constitution of, 245; supported by the Black Prince, 261; influence over the elections of, 281; proposes to confiscate Church property, 294; ad dressed by Edward IV., 29; Wolsey's appearance in, 371; made use of by Thomas Cromwell and Henry VIII., 389; Elizabeth's relations with, 444: Puritanism of, 445; growing strength of, 468; its tendencies to Puritanism rather than to Presbyterianism, 470; attack on monopolies by, 478; quar- rels with James I., 482; anxious to go to war for the Palatinate, 490; votes a small supply, 491; brings charges against Bacon, 495; is eager for war with Spain, 500; refuses sup- plies to Charles I., unless spent by counsellors in whom it confides, 502; impeaches Buckingham, 504, 505; insists on the Petition of Right, 508; claims Tonnage and Poundage, 510; religious ideas prevailing in, 511; its breach with the king, 513; violent scene before the dissolution of, 514; formation of parties in, 532; scene in, at the passing of the Grand Remon- strance, 534; Presbyterian majority in, 546; new elections to, 551; a mob in possession of, 555; the Agitators pro- pose to purge, 556; Pride's purge of, 557; declares itself supreme, ib.; con- stitutes a high court of justice, 558; dis- solved by Cromwell, 566; inquires into the expenditure of the crown, and im- peaches Clarendon, 594 impeaches Danby, 616; the Exclusion Bill in, 617, 621 Tory majority in, 636; James II. attempts to pack, 641: dis- cusses the abdication of James II., 646; attacks the Irish grants of William III, 670; imprisons the bearers of the Kentish Petition, 675: Walpole's determination to rely on, 710; corruption in, 714; establishment of the freedom of reporting the de- bates of, 779. Commonwealth, the, establishment of, 561 Communion table, Laud's wish to fix at the east end, 517; decision of the Privy Council on the position of, 519; removed by the soldiers, 529 Comprehension favoured by some of the clergy, 598; attempt of Charles II. to establish, 599
Comprehension Bill, the, is not passed, 651
Compton, Bishop of London, refuses to suspend Dr. Sharp, 639
Compton, Sir Spencer, thought of as Walpole's successor, 720: succeeds Walpole and becomes Earl of Wil- mington, 731
Compurgation, system of, 32; set aside by Henry II., 146, 147
Comyn, John (the Red), slain by Bruce,
Con, Papal agent at the court of Henri- etta Maria, 521
Concord, attempt to seize arms at, 783 Confederate Catholics of Ireland, the, cessation of hostilities with, 541 Confederation of the Rhine, the, 856 Confirmatio Cartarum, 221
Congé d'élire, provision for the issue of, 391
Congress, of twelve colonies, 782; of thirteen colonies, 783.
Connaught, proposed plantation of, 528 Conrad III., Emperor, takes part in the second Crusade, 157
Conservative party, the, origin of the name of, 909
Constance of Brittany marries Geoffrey,
Constantine takes an army from Britain,
Constantine, king of the Scots, allies himself with Eadward, 63 Constantine the Great becomes sole Emperor, 22; acknowledges Chris- tianity as the religion of the Empire, 23 Constantinople taken by the Turks, 366 Constantius, the Emperor, 22 Constitutions of Clarendon, 144; re- nounced by Henry II., 153 Continental system, the, 859; failure of, 868
Conventicle Act, the, 588
Convention Parliament, the first, 577; the second, 646; the dissolution of the second, 656
Convocation of the province of Canter- bury offers money for a pardon, 385: agrees to the submission of the clergy, 386
Convocations of the clergy vote money,
Conway, Edward I. builds a castle at,
Coote, Colonel (afterwards Sir Eyre),
wins a victory at Wandewash, 764; defeats Hyder Ali at Porto Novo, 805 Cope, Sir John, defeated at Preston Pans, 740
Copenhagen, battlef, 845; bombard- ment of, 860
Corinium (Cirenceste.), West Saxon conquest of, 35
Cornish, the, derivation of the old lan- guage of, 7; submit to Ecgberht, 55 Corn-law, the, passing of, 875; modifi- cation of, 926
Cornwall, insurrection in, 415 Cornwallis, Lord, drives Washington out of New Jersey, 784; defeats Yates at Camden, 788; routs Green at Guilford, 792; surrenders at York- town, 794: Governor-General of India, 811; defeats Tippoo, 837; Lord-Lieu. tenant of Ireland, 841
Corporation Act, the, 585; repeal of, 895 Corporations, remodelling of the, 625 Corunna, battle of, 864
Cotentin, the, sold to Henry, 119 Cotton-famine, the, 959 Cotton-spinning, improvements in, 815 Council of State, the, appointment of, 561
County courts derived from the shire- moots, 141
Courtenay, Bishop of London, supported by the citizens against Lancaster, 263 Covenant, the Scottish National, 525, see Solemn League and Covenant Covenanters, the rise of, 619; insurrec- tion of, 620
Coverdale translates the New Testa ment, 396
Cowper, Lord, becomes Chancellor, 68; Craggs, Postmaster-General, poisons himself, 712
Craggs, Secretary of State, death of, 712 Cranfield, see Middlesex, Earl of Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, pronounces Catharine's marriage to be null, 389; is forced to dismiss his wife, 400; composes the English litany, 409; character and position of, 413; wishes to preserve the revenue of the chantries for the poor clergy, 415; tries to find common ground with the Zwinglian reformers, 416; leaves his mark on the Prayer Book, 418; supports Lady Jane Grey, 420; burnt,
Crecy, battle of, 241, 242 Crêpy, peace of, 406
Cressingham, Sir Hugh, governs Scot- land in the name of Edward I., 219 Crimean War, the, origin of, 943; course of, 944-8
Crompton, invents the mule' for spin- ning, 815
Cromwell, Oliver, practical sagacity of, 539; introduces discipline in the Eastern Association, 540: defeats the royalists at Winceby, 542; fights at Marston Moor, 543: advocates tolera- tion, ib.; accuses Manchester, 544: becomes Lieutenant-General of the New Model Army, 545: cuts off the king's supplies, 547; wins the victory at Naseby, 548; reduces Winchester and Basing House, 549: proposes to leave England, 554; gives instructions to Cornet Joyce, 555: attempts to come to an understanding with Charles, ib.; puts down a mutiny in the army, 556; suppresses a rising in Wales and defeats the Scots at Preston, 557: sup- presses the Levellers, 562; his cam- paign in Ireland, ib.; his victory at Dunbar, 563; his victory at Worces ter, 564: dissolves the Long Parlia ment, 566; opens the Barebone's Par liament, 567; becomes Protector, 568: plots against, 569; ecclesiastical ar- rangements of, ib.; convenes and dis-
solves his first Parliament, 570: esta- blishes major-generals, ib.; foreign policy of, 571; calls a second Parlia ment, 572; joins France against Spain, ib.; dissolves his second Parliament, 573; makes war against Spain, ib.; death of, 574
Cromwell, Richard, succeeds to the Protectorate, 574; abdicates, 575. Cromwell, Thomas, advises Henry VIII. to rely on the House of Commons, 385: becomes the king's secretary, and vicar- general, 393; attacks the monks of the Charterhouse, ib.; inquires into the state of the monasteries, 394; attacks the greater monasteries, 397; execu- tion of, 401
Cropredy Bridge, battle of, 544 Crown, the, see King
Crown Point taken by Amherst, 753 Crusade, the first, 120; the second, 157; the third, 161; against the Albigeois, 193; the seventh, 204
Cuba, reduction of, 766
Cumberland, origin of the name of, 37;
annexed by William II., 119; left to David I., 133; regained by Henry II.,
Cumberland, Duke of, heads the British column at Fontenoy, 739; sent against the Young Pretender, 741; defeats him at Culloden, 742; his cruelty to the Highlanders, ib.; being defeated at Hastenbeck, signs the Convention of Closterseven, 752, Cunedda, extensive rule of, 37 Cunobelin, government of, 12 Curia Regis, the, organised under Henry I., 127; strengthened by Henry II., 141; powers assigned by the Con- stitutions of Clarendon to, 145; orders the appointment of recognitors, 147; divided into three courts, 212 Customs on imports and exports under Edward I., 211, 221
Cymbeline, original of Shakespeare's, 12 Cynric captures Sorbiodunum, 34 Cyprus ceded to England, 970
DALHOUSIE, Earl of, policy of, as Governor-General of India, 950 Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of, as Sir T. Osborne, becomes Lord Treasurer, 607: policy of, 610; fails to pass a Non-resistance Bill, 611; promotes the marriage of William of Orange, 613; impeachment of, 616: imprisonment of, 617; liberated, 626; rises in support of William, 645; re- commends that the crown be given to Mary, 646
Danegeld, levy of, 81; abolition of, 143 Danelaw, the, formation of, 59
Danes, the, invade England, 58; make
peace with Ælfred, 59; extent of the settlements of, 62; are amalgamated
with the English, 64; relations of Dunstan with, 67; reappear as in- vaders, 79; conquer England, 81-83; settle in Ireland, 152
Darc, Jeanne, delivers Orleans, 310; conducts Charles VII. to Rheims, 311; martyrdom of, 312
Darien expedition, the, 671 Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, marries Mary, 438; murder of, 439.
Darvel Gathern, burning of the wooden figure of, 398
Darwin, his Origin of Species, 940 David I., king of the Scots, invades England, 131
David II. (Bruce), king of Scotland, 232; takes refuge with Philip VI., 234; restoration of, 240; taken prisoner at Nevill's Cross, 242; restored by Ed- ward III., 252
David, brother of Llewelyn, executed,
David, Earl of Huntingdon, 215 David, St., piety of, 42
Davison sends the warrant for Mary's execution, 457; dismissal of, 458
De Grasse, Admiral, blockades York- town, 794; defeated by Rodney, 795 Declaration of Breda, see Breda, Decla- ration of
Declaration of Independence, the Ame- rican, 784
Declaration of Indulgence issued by Charles II., 604; withdrawn by Charles II., 606; issued by James II., 640; reissued, 642
Declaration of Rights, the, 647 Declaration of Sports, the, ordered to be read in churches, 517 Decorated style, the, 247
Defender of the Faith, title of, 379 Degsastan, Ethelfrith's victory at, 42 Deira, formation of the kingdom of, 36; is merged for a time in North-humber- land, 41; accepts Christianity, 46; is finally merged in North-humberland, 48; Danish kingdom of, 62, 63 Delhi, siege of, 953; recovery of, 954 Denain, battle of, 696
Deorham, battle of, 35
Derby, arrival of the Highlanders at,
Derby, Earl of (son of John of Gaunt), opposes Richard II., 279; defeats the Duke of Ireland, 280; becomes Duke of Hereford, and is banished, 283; suc- ceeds to the Duchy of Lancaster, 284; and forces Richard II. to abdicate, 285; see Henry IV.
Derby, Earl of, becomes Prime Minis- ter, 938; resignation of, 939; Prime Minister for the second time, 956; Prime Minister for the third time, 961; resignation of, 962
Dermot invites Strongbow to Ireland, 152 Derwentwater, Earl of, beheaded, 705 Desmond, Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of, insurrection and death of, 453
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