1033

NOR

charges Cromwell with treason, 401;
wastes the Scottish Borders, 405; con-
demned to death, 411

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke
of, sent to the Tower, 441; is liberated
and proposes to marry Mary Stuart,
444; arrested, 445; executed, 446
Norham, award of the crown of Scotland
at, 216

Norman Conquest, the, 96-103
Normandy, early dukes of, 80; institu-
tions of, 81; its condition under
Robert, 118; pledged to William II.,
121; recovered by Robert, 124; con.
quered by Henry I., 125; conquered
by Geoffrey, 136; Henry, Duke of,
137; conquered by Philip II., 174, 176;
invaded by Edward III., 240; con.
quered by Henry V.,303; re-conquered
by the French, 320

Normans favoured by Eadward, 87;
their style of architecture, 89
Norris, Sir John, joins Drake in sacking
Corunna, 464

North Briton, the, 769

North Foreland, battle off, 591

North, Lord, becomes Prime Minister,
776; takes advantage of the division
of opinion between Burke and Chat-
ham, 777; feels strongly against the
conduct of the Americans, 778; ob-
tains the repeal of all the American
duties except that on tea, 779; resolves
to put down resistance in Boston, 780;
tries to conciliate the Americans, 783;
offers to resign office, 787; resignation
of, 795; coalesces with Fox, 800;
opposes Pitt's motion for Parliamen-
tary reform, 801; passes the Regu-
lating Act, 832

Northampton, Archbishop

Thomas

called to account at, 145; battle of, 326
Northern confederacy, the, 844
North-humberland, component parts of,
36 united by Ethelric, 41; divided
by Penda, and re-united under Oswald,
47 is again divided, but re-united
under Oswiu, 48; its relations with
Ecgberht, 55; overrun by the Danes,
58; Danish kingdom in, 62, 63; is
amalgamated with England, 64; its
condition under Cnut, 84;
Siward 84, 87
Northmen, their attacks on England,
56; religion of, 57; see Danes
Northumberland invaded by Malcolm
Canmore, 119; given to Henry, son
of David I., 133; recovered by Henry

II., 140

under

Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke
of, as Earl of Warwick, overpowers
Ket's rebellion, 416; leads the govern-
ment after Somerset's fall, ib.; be-
comes Duke of Northumberland, 418;
supports Lady Jane Grey, 420;
execution of, 421

Northumberland, the Earl of, assists
Henry IV., 284; quarrels with Henry

ORF

IV., 293; imprisoned and pardoned,
294; defeated and slain, 296
Northumberland, Thomas Percy, Earl
of, takes part in the rising of the
North, 441

Norwich, establishment of the see of, 107
Nottingham, Angiian settlement at, 36;
seizure of Mortimer at, 232; Charles I.
sets up his standard at, 537
Nottingham, Earl of, opposes Richard
II., 279:
is made Duke of Norfolk
and banished, 283; dismissed through
the influence of Marlborough, 681;
coalesces with the Whigs, 695
Nova Scotia, assigned to England, 696;
abandonment of the French claim to,
765; joins the Dominion of Canada, 967
Nuncomar, execution of, 803
Nymwegen, peace of, 615

OATES, TITUS, tells the story of the
Popish Plot, 615

O'Brien, Smith, heads a rising in
Ireland, 935

Occasional Conformity Bill, failure of
the Tories to pass, 680; defeat of an
attempt to tack it to a land tax bill, 682;
passed. 695; repealed, 710

O'Connell, Daniel, demands Catholic
emancipation, 895; refused a seat in
the House of Commons, 896; asks for
a repeal of the Union, 910; combines
with the Whigs to overthrow Peel,
913 drops for a time his demand for
repeal of the Union, 916; shrinks from
a conflict with Peel, and dies, 928
O'Connor, Feargus, leads the Chartists,

924 summons a meeting on Kenning-
ton Common, 935

Oda, Archbishop, advocates the celi-
bacy of the clergy, 65; separates
Eadwig and Elfgifu, 67

Odo oppresses the English, 102; is
banished by William II., 115
O'Donnell, Rory, flight of, 484
Offa, king of the Mercians, defeats the
West Saxons at Bensington, 53; his
dyke, 54

Olaf Trygvasson, 79, 80

Oldcastle, Sir John, burnt as a Lollard,

360

Old Sarum, earthworks of Sorbiodunum
at, 34

Olive Branch petition, the, 783
O'Neill, Hugh, defeats Bagenal at the
Blackwater, 475; submission of, 478;
flight of, 484

O'Neill, Shan, defeat of, 452

Orange River Free State, the founda-
tion of, 968

Ordainers, the Lords, 226

Ordeal, system of, 32; continued by
Henry II., 146

Orders in Council, the, 860: repeal of, 872
Ordovices, the, resist the Romans, 14
Orford, Earl of, attacked by the Com
mons, 670: resigns office, ib.; see
Russell, Admiral

ORL

Orleans, siege of, 309

Orleans, Duke of (the Regent), is on
friendly terms with England, 707;
guarantees the Hanoverian succes-
sion, 708

Orleans, Duke of, Charles, captured at
Agincourt, 303; ransomed, 315

Orleans, Duke of, Louis, makes an alli-
ance with Glendower, 295; murdered,
296
Orleans, Henrietta, Duchess of, negoti-
ates the Treaty of Dover, 600
Ormond, Earl of, supports the Lancas-
trians, 346

Ormond, second Duke of, commands in
Flanders, 696; escapes to France, 705
Ormond, Thomas Butler, Marquis of,
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 542;
abandons Ireland to Parliament, 562;
returns to Ireland, ib.

Osric governs Deira, 48
Ostorius Scapula arrives in Britain, 13;
conquests of, 14

Oswald, Bishop of Worcester, 68
Oswald, King of North humberland, his
greatness and piety, 47; is slain at
Maserfield, 48

Oswini, his relations with Aidan, 48;
is murdered, ib.

Oswiu unites North-humberland, 48;
defeats Penda, ib. ; decides for Wilfrid
against Colman, 50

Otho, Cardinal, legate of Gregory IX.,

194

Otto I., Emperor, 63

Otto IV., Emperor, supports John, 179;
defeated at Bouvines, 181

Oude, Hastings seeks its alliance against
the Mahrattas, 802; annexation of, 951
Oudenarde, battle of, 690

Outram, Sir James, waives his rank in

Havelock's favour, 954
Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned, 488
Over-lordship, character of, 38
Oxford, growth of the University of,
167; the so-called Mad Parliament
meets at, 198: thronged with scholars,
207; study of Greek in the University
of, 367; Parliament adjourned to, 502;
headquarters of Charles I. at, 537;
Parliament held at, during the Plague,
590; the third Short Parliament meets
at, 621; Roman Catholic propaganda
of James II. in, 639

Oxford, Earl of, quarrels with Boling-
broke, 699; dismissed, 700; im-
peached and imprisoned, 704, 705; see
Harley, Sir Robert

Oxford, Earl of (Robert de Vere), made
Duke of Ireland, 278; see Ireland,
Duke of

912;

PAR

490; Imperialist invasion of, 496; loss
of, 497; failure of the negotiation to
induce the king of Spain to obtain the
restitution of, 500; attempt to send
Mansfeld to recover, 501
Palmerston, Viscount, Foreign Secre-
tary in Lord Grey's ministry, 891;
supports the independence of Belgium,
maintains an alliance with
France, 913: Spanish policy of, 920;
interferes in Syria, 922; dismissed,
938; saves the Derby ministry from
defeat, 939; is a member of the Aber-
deen ministry, 945: becomes Prime
Minister, 947; the elections (after his
entering on a war with China) in
favour of, 955; defeated on the Con.
spiracy to Murder Bill, and resigns,
956; becomes Prime Minister a second
time, ib.; death of, 960
Pandulf receives John's submission, 180
Papacy, influence of, in the time of
Gregory I., 39; strength of, in the
eleventh century, 88: its position in the
time of Gregory VII., 107; in the time
of Innocent III., 178; Babylonian
captivity of, 257: England relieved
of tribute to, 258; great schism of, 266:
immorality of, 375; legislation against
the payment of annates and Peter's
pence to, 388, 390

Papal jurisdiction in England, abolition
of, 389, 391

Paradise Lost, publication of, 596
Paris, the capital of Hugh Capet's
duchy, 80; rising against the Ar
magnacs in, 304; Henry VI. crowned
at, 312; lost to the English, 313; sub-
mits to Henry IV., 464

Paris, Peace of, at the end of the Seven
Years' War, 766; at the end of the
American War, 798

Parker, Matthew, becomes Archbishop
of Canterbury, 429; chracter and
position of, 430

Parker, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford, a
secret Roman Catholic, 639; intrusive
President of Magdalen College, 641
Parliament (see Great Council, the), germ
of representation in, 180; first use of the
name of, 195; scheme of administra-
knights
tive reform proposed in, ib. ;
of the shire elected to, 196: relations
between the clergy and the barons,
197: insists on the Provisions of Ox-
ford, 197; representatives of towns
admitted by Earl Simon to, 201:
growth of, under Edward I., 210, 218;
Scottish representatives in, 222; ac-
knowledgment of the legislative power
of the Commons in, 228; finally se
parated into two Houses, 244: opposi
tion to the clergy in, 259; Richard II.
invites complaints in, 280; relations of
Henry VIII. with, 385; relations of
Elizabeth with, 444; the Addled, 485;
the Short, 528; the Long, 529; forma
tion of parties in, 532; struggles with

1035

PAR

Charles I. for the militia, 536; raises
forces against the king, 537; tries to
disband the army, 553; its speakers
take refuge with the army, 555;
dissolution of, by Cromwell, 566; the
Barebone's, ib.; the first, of the
Protectorate, 570; the second, of the
Protectorate, 572; Richard Crom-
well's, 574; restoration of the Long,
575; final dissolution of the Long,
576; the first convention, 577-584;
the Cavalier, 585; supports
the
Church more than the king, 586;
rejects the declaration of Charles II.
in favour of toleration, 587; Albemarle
resists the dissolution of, 599; opposes
James II., 638; James II. attempts to
pack, 641

Parliamentary reform, views of Chatham
and Burke on, 777; supported by
Fox, 789; advanced views of the
Duke of Richmond on, 790; Pitt asks
for a committee to inquire into, 799;
Pitt brings forward a motion for, 801;
Pitt's Bill for, 808; advocated by Grey,
827; Hunt and Burdett ask for a
sweeping measure of, 879; Lord John
Russell supports a moderate measure
of, 894; granted by the first Reform
Act, 905; Russell proposes to carry
farther, 943; Disraeli brings in a bill
for, 956; Russell brings in a bill for,
957: Russell's ministry brings in a bill
for, 961 Disraeli carries a bill for, ib.;
a third bill for, carried by agreement
between Liberals and Conservatives,
972; see Reform Bill
Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of,
governor of the Spanish Nether-
lands, 45; gains ground in the
Netherlands, 454-456; takes Antwerp,
456; takes Zutphen, 457: hopes to
transport an army to England, 459;
blockaded by the Dutch, 462; sent to
aid the League, 464

Parnell leads the Irish Home Rule
party, 970

Parris, Van, burnt, 419

Parsons, Robert, lands in England,

453; escapes, 454

Parsons, Sir William, one of the Lords
Justices in Ireland, 533

Parties, Parliamentary, formation of
532; development of, 610, 628
Partition treaty, the first, 668; the
second, 671

Paston,

John, attacked by Lord
Molynes, 321; domestic life of, 330
Patay, battle of, 311

Paterson, William, suggests the founda-
tion of the Bank of England, 660;
originates the Darien expedition,
671

Patrick, St., introduces Christianity into
Ireland, 47

Paul, the Tzar, withdraws from the
coalition against France, 840; murder
of, 845

PET

Paulet, Sir Amias, refuses to put Mary
Stuart to death, 457

Paulinus effects conversions in Deira,

Pavia, battle of, 372

Peasants' Revolt, the, 268
Pedro the Cruel, 255

Peel, Mr. (afterwards Sir Robert), re-
commends the resumption of cash
payments, 879; becomes Home Secre-
tary, 884; passes bills for the reform
of the criminal law, 885; is Home
Secretary in Wellington's ministry,
893; agrees to the repeal of the Test
and Corporation Acts, 895; defeated
at Oxford, 896; carries a bill for
Catholic emancipation, ib.; introduces
the new police, 900; Prime Minister
for the first time, 913; refuses to take
part against the Municipal Corpora-
tions Bill, 914; fails to form a Minis-
try, 918; becomes Prime Minister a
second time, 925: first free-trade
budget of, 926; Irish policy of, 928;
second free-trade budget of, 929; at-
tacked by Disraeli, 930; abolishes
the Corn Law, 931; being defeated on
a bill for the protection of life in Ire
land, resigns office, 932: public works
established in Ireland by, ib.; death
of, 936

Peerage Bill, the, rejection of, 710
Peers, creation of twelve, 695
Peishwah, the, rules over the Mahratta
confederacy, 760; driven from Poonah
859; abdicates, 948

Pelham, Henry, becomes First Lord of
the Treasury, 739; death of, 744
Peltier, tried for libelling Bonaparte,
848

Pembroke, Earl of, see William the
Marshal

Penda defeats Eadwine at Heathfield,
46; splits up North-humberland, 47;
is defeated and slain, 48
Penitential system, the, introduced by
Theodore, 50

Penjdeh, seized by the Russians, 972
Penn and Venables, expedition of, to
the West Indies, 571

Pennsylvania, colonisation of, 629
Penruddock captures the judges at
Salisbury, 571

Penry, John, hanged, 472

People's Charter, the, 923: see Chartists
Pepys pities dissenters, 588

Perceval, Spencer, becomes
Minister, 865; murdered, 863

Prime

Percies, the, territorial influence of, 293
Percy, Henry (Hotspur), 293, 294
Perpendicular style, the, 247
Perrers, Alice, 260, 262

Perth, the five articles of, 525
Peter Martyr teaches in England, 416
Peter des Roches influences Henry III.
188 is dismissed, 189

Peter the Great, sends troops to Meck-
lenburg, 709

1

PET

Peter the Hermit, 120

Peter's Pence, abolition of, 391

Peterborough, Earl of, his campaign in
Spain, 684, 685

Petition of Right, the, 509
Petitioners, party name of, 620
Pevensey, landing of William at, 96
Philadelphia, congress of twelve colonies
meets in, 782; congress of thirteen
colonies meets in, 783; occupied by
Howe, 786; evacuated by the British,
787

Philip I., king of France, makes war
with William 1., 114

Philip II., king of France, stirs up
enmity between Henry II.and his sons,
156; quarrels with Richard 1., 161;
stirs up John against Richard, 162;
supports Arthur against John, 174;
wins Normandy and Anjou from John,
175; prepares an invasion of England,
wins a victory at Bouvines,

179;

181

Philip II., king of Spain, marries Mary,
423; abdication of Charles V. in
favour of, 426; deserts Mary, ib.;
induces Mary to declare war against
France,
427; makes peace with
France, 431; proposes to marry Eliza-
beth, 432; persecutes the Protestants
in the Netherlands, 443; annexes
Portugal, and shares in a plot for
the
the invasion of England and
murder of Elizabeth, 454; undertakes
the invasion of England, 456; claims
the English crown, 45; appoints a
commander for the Armada, 460;
supports the League in France, 464
Philip III., king of Spain, James I.
seeks an alliance with, 488
Philip IV., king of France, his relations
with Edward I. and with Scotland, 218
Philip IV., king of Spain, receives
Prince Charles, and negotiates with
the Pope about his sister's marriage,
497; consults theologians, 498; in-
forms Charles of his terms, 500; death

of, 592

Philip V., king of France, succeeds in
virtue of the so-called Salic law, 232
Philip V., king of Spain, the Spanish
inheritance bequeathed to, 671; at-
tachment of the Spaniards to, 682;
his claim to the French throne, 707
Philip VI., king of France, succeeds in
virtue of the so-called Salic law, and
receives the homage of Edward III.,
232; protects David Bruce, 234; de-
feats the Flemings at Cassel, 235;
avoids fighting the English, 230; is
defeated at Crecy, 242; death of, 251
Philip, the Archduke, birth of, 337:
marries Juana, 352; dies, 358
Philip's Norton, Monmouth at, 637
Philiphaugh, battle of, 549

Philippa of Hainault marries Edward
III., 231; begs the lives of the bur-
gesses of Calais, 243

PIT

Phoenicians the, supposed visits to
Britain of, 7

Picts, the, ravages of, 23, 26; unite
with the Scots, 63

Piers the Plowman, 259
Pilgrim Father, the, 489
Pilgrim's Progress, publication of,
596
Pilgrimage of Grace, the, 396, 397
Pinkie Cleugh, battle of, 413
Pippin becomes king of the Franks, 54
Pitt, William (the elder), opposes Wal-
pole, 728; attacks Spain, 729; de-
claims against Carteret, 738; his
rivalry with Henry Fox, 747; dis-
missed, 748; becomes Secretary of
State, and takes vigorous measures to
carry on the war with France, 750;
enlists Highland regiments, ib.; dis
missal and popularity of, ib.: political
position of, 751; coalesces with New-
castle, ib.; encourages men of ability
and vigour, 752; enters into an alliance
with Frederick, ib.; resignation on,
766; refuses to join the Rockingham
Whigs, 771; his views on American
taxation, 773; created Earl of Chat-
ham, ib.; see Chatham, Earl of
Pitt, William (the younger), early career
of, 799; asks for a committee on Par-
liamentary reform, and becomes Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer, ib.; brings
forward a motion for Parliamentary
reform, 801; becomes Prime Minister,
807; his struggle against the coalition,
b.; obtains a majority in a new Par
liament, 808; his financial measures,
ib.; his India Bill, and his Bill for
Parliamentary reform, ib.; failure of
his scheme for a commercial union
with Ireland, 810; consents to the
impeachment of Hastings, 811; his
conduct in supporting the Regency
Bill, ib.: strengthened by the growth
of manufacturers, 819; thinks that
France will be weakened by the Re-
volution, 823; speaks against the
slave-trade, ib.: adopts a war policy,
825; fears the spread of French revo
lutionary principles in England, 828;
admits Whigs into his Cabinet, ib.;
assists French royalists to land in
Quiberon Bay, 830; carries the Trea-
son Act and the Sedition Act, ib.; his
views on the relations between Eng.
land and Ireland, 831; gives votes to
the Catholics in Ireland, 832; sends
Fitzwilliam to Ireland, ib.; recalls
Fitzwilliam, 833; his first negotiation
with the Directory, 834; imposes an
income-tax, 840; brings about the
Irish Union, 842; proposes Catholic
emancipation and resigns office, ib.;
assures the king he will never again
support Catholic emancipation, 843
becomes Prime Minister a second
time, 848; weak in Parliamentary sup-
port, 851; death of, 855