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lower parts of the Paleozoic Strata, Zoophytes are introduced (Z) instead. We have added also a column for the Cephalopoda (Cc).

In the same manner we may select genera which occur in the older strata, and trace upward those which have the greatest range in the strata, in other words, the longest duration in time.

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Again, if we consider not genera but greater groups as families, their extension is greater, their antiquity higher; while some classes of the radiated and molluscous and articulated divisions occur in all the strata. Thus the general result is to shew that only one general plan of creation is to be traced in all the range of geological time, though the terms in which this plan is expressed vary from period to period. There is a succession of the forms of life to be traced in the strata; we shall shew hereafter that the relative proportions of the families, orders, and

classes vary so as, in this limited sense, to justify our speaking of different systems or combinations of life; but they are all included in one general plan of the Omniscient mind, comprehending the past, the present, and the future.

Perhaps this subject may be yet further illustrated by means of tables shewing on the one hand the numerical distribution in time of some genera of marine animals now living and remarkably prevalent in the sea, and of others as abundant in the more ancient strata. In each case the relative abundance of species is intended to be shewn by the numerals corresponding to each period. I confine the illustrations to the Molluscous animals, because of their being the most uniformly plentiful in all periods, and to the British Islands, as affording the best or

most convenient terms of comparison.

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Cenozoic.. 22 34 43 32 14 1 3 9

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221

42

22

2

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50

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Pleurotoma.

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The numbers representing the several genera in the Cenozoic groups of strata would bear a much nearer proportion to those of the now living species if we had employed the data of Deshayes, and included European species. The analogy of the Cænozoic to the living marine fauna, and the contrast between these and the older systems of life are especially striking in regard to the Gasteropodous genera placed to the right.

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VARIETY OF THE FORMS OF LIFE IN SUCCESSIVE PERIODS.

If we select among the marine classes of animals those which are represented in all the great periods of Geology, count the number of species yet discovered in them in the British strata', and refer

1 See Morris's excellent Catalogue of British Fossils, 2nd Edit.

them at present to only three great periods, we have

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Cenozoic

27

41

15 8 63 394 662 12 1222 308 499 389 396 2170 Palæozoic. 379 225 218 632 196 342 401 336 2729

Mesozoic 103 245 65 165

...

The absolute number of marine species appears thus to be greatest in the Paleozoic Strata; but when the thickness of the deposits-which represents elapsed time is taken into account, the variety of forms in a given thickness or given period of time is very much less.

For if we take account of the thickness according to the maximum scale for Britain proposed by Ramsay, on data collected by the Geological Survey, the following table may be constructed :—

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The ratio thus found by dividing the number of

species by the maximum thickness, represents the

Also

variety of life by the relative number of species to be expected on an average in searching a given thickness of strata in each of the great periods. since it is known that the species are not uniformly arranged through the deposits of each period, but occupy many distinct stages in each, we may say that on the average, they represent the rate of change in the forms of marine life, or the number of different species to be expected in searching successive equal thicknesses in each of these systems of strata. According to Morris's estimates of thickness (p. 52), the relative numbers would have been 432, 251, 59.

Had we instead of the figures which represent the thicknesses and number of species found in Britain employed the data given by D'Orbigny1, counting all the species in all the classes of Mollusca

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we should have nearly the same result as with Morris's numbers; a nearer approximation of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic ratios, but the same remarkable inferiority of the Paleozoic series.

1 Palæontologie et Geologie, II.

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