GUTTA PERCHA. Wharf Road, City Road, London. IT cannot now be doubted even by the most scep

tical, but that GUTTA PERCHA must henceforward be regarded as one of the blessings of a gracious Providence, inasmuch as it affords a sure and certain protection from cold and damp feet, and thus tends to protect the body from disease and premature death. Gutta Percha Soles keep the feet WARM IN COLD, AND DRY IN WET WEATHER. They are much more durable than leather, and also cheaper. These soles may be steeped for MONTHS TOGETHER in cold water, and when taken out will be found as firm and dry as when first put in.

Gutta Percha Tubing.

Being so extraordinary a conductor of sound, is used as speaking tubes in mines, manufactories, hotels, warehouses, &c. This tubing may also be applied in Churches and Chapels, for the purpose of enabling deaf persons to listen to the sermon, &c. For conveying messages from one room to another, or from the mast-head to the deck of a vessel, it is invaluable. For greater distances the newly-invented Electric-Telegraph Wire covered with Gutta Percha is strongly recommended.

Mill Bands.

The increasing demand for the Gutta Percha strapping for driving bands, lathe-straps, &c., fully justifies the strong recommendations they have everywhere received.

Gutta Percha Pump Buckets, Clacks, &c.

Few applications of Gutta Percha appear likely to be of such extensive use to manufacturers, engineers, &c., as the substitution of it for leather in pump buckets, valves, &c. These buckets can be had of any size or thickness WITHOUT SEAM or JOINT, and as cold water will never soften them they seldom need any repair.

Gutta Percha Picture Frames.

The Gutta Percha Company having supplied HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN with several elaborate Gutta Percha Picture Frames for Buckingham Palace, which have been highly approved by the Royal Family, fully anticipate a great demand for frames from the nobility throughout the country. In order that the picture-frame makers may not be injured, the Company will supply the trade with the mouldings, corner and centre pieces, &c., and allow them to MAKE UP the frames. Pattern books for the trade are now ready.

Gutta Percha soles, solution, inkstands, cardtrays, medallions, picture-frames, brackets, mouldings, window-blind cord, soap dishes, tap-ferrules, cornices, vases, fire-buckets, bowls, pen-trays, stethoscopes, thin lining, thread, flower-pots, eartrumpets, &c., &c., manufactured at the Company's Works, Wharf-road, City-road, London; and sold by their Wholesale dealers in town or country.

Specification of Smith's Patent Improvements in Manufacturing and Setting-up Wire Rope -(with engravings) ................................................................. 51 Aeronautic Project for the Succour of Sir John Franklin and his Companions. By W. H. James, Esq., C. E.

Pumps.-Inquiry as to the best Position for the Air-Vessel. By Mr. W. W. Hulse

On Argand Candles and Mr. Crosley's. By Mr. D. Mackie... ..................................... Granulation of Lead.-Inquiry.

Specifications of English Patents Enrolled during the Week:

Colegrave-Railway Signals
Da Costa-Casks

Fontainemoreau-Jacquard Loom........
Crosse-Tanning.......

Reece and Price-Sugar
Goodfellows-Plastic Materials
Smith-Wire Rope..........
Steiner-Turkey-red Dyeing

Weekly List of New English Patents
Monthly List of Scotch Patents ..............
Monthly List of Irish Patents ...........
Weekly List of New Articles of Utility Regis-
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52

અને તું છે ને એક

LONDON: Edited, Printed, and Published, b Joseph Clinton Robertson, of No. 166, Fle: street, in the City of London, and 996, No street, Birmingham.-Sold by A. and W. Galig nani, Rue Vivienne, Paris; Machin and Co., Du lin, W. C. Campbell and Co., Hamburg

THE object of the improvements embraced under this patent is twofold :— First, to press out, separate, or discharge from the crude or raw materials of various manufactures, either wholly or partially, the aqueous matters with which they may be charged more expeditiously and economically than is done by the processes heretofore in use. And, second, to prepare certain materials by an artificial and temporary combination therewith of certain combustible substances, for the manufacture of wares possessing various degrees of porosity.

The first branch of these improvements is carried into effect by six several methods or processes, which are thus described :

First Method.

The principle on which this method is founded, is the production, by hydrostatic agency, of a partial vacuum under the material to be operated on, and the consequent action of the superincumbent atmosphere upon it.

An exemplification of this method, as applied to materials employed in the manufacture of pottery, is given in figs. 1, 1", and 1 of the accompanying engravings Fig. 1 being a longitudinal elevation, partly in section, of the arrangements necessary for the purpose; fig. 1", a ground plan thereof; and fig. 1 a plan on the line yz. A, is a slip kiln, pan, or trough, which is mounted on a firm basement of brickwork; it is open (as usual) at top, and lined at bottom with sheet lead, sheet gutta percha, or other suitable air and water-tight material. A2 is a false bottom to the kiln, pan, or trough, of porous tiles, laid transversely on the top of a series of concave tiles, a a, which rest on the real bottom, but do not reach quite up to the wall on either side, so that the hollows of these tiles, together with the open-air spaces around them, form one continuous chamber, by the exhaustion of which, in the manner afterwards shown, the required vacuum under the slip is produced. B, is an airvessel, which is set in a stone cistern, H, and surrounded with water, in order the better to keep it air-tight; which air-vessel (B) communicates; firstly, with the vacuum chamber, a a, under the false bottom, A2, by means of a pipe, b, which passes through a small ante-chamber, P, open at top; secondly, with a water cistern, R, placed above the

level of the vacuum chamber, a a, by means of a pipe, r, which passes through an open ante-chamber, K (similar to P); thirdly, by a pipe, i, with the ante-chamber, K; fourthly, by a pipe, 7, with a barometric gauge, L; and, fifthly, with the well, D, by a discharge pipe, F, which dips at its lower end into a bucket, E, kept filled with water, and is opened and shut by a tap, e. W, is a common pump affixed to the top of the well, D, and Gg, a weighted rod by which the tap is worked; m, is a pipe, with tap, n, by which the water in the stone cistern, H, can be let off when required; q, is a tap on the pipe, b, by which the communication is opened or shut off between the vacuum chamber, aa, and air-vessel, B; t, is a tap on the pipe, r, by the opening of which water is allowed to flow into the air-vessel, B, and thence into the vacuum chamber, a a; u, is a tap on the pipe, i, by the opening of which the air, as it is expelled from B, makes its escape; and 8, a tap affixed to the exhaust end of the vacuum chamber, by opening of which the air is allowed to escape from the air chamber, a a. The taps, q and s, are inclosed within the ante-chamber, P, and the taps, t and u, within the ante-chamber, K; and these ante-chambers are kept constantly filled with water to a little height above the taps in each, whereby the possibility of any air getting in through these taps to impair the vacuum in the vessel, B, is prevented; while at the same time the water presents no material obstacle to the forcible extrusion of air through the taps, and (both of the chambers, P and K, being, as before stated, left open at top.) The operation of the apparatus is as follows:-The kiln, pan, or trough, A, being filled with clay slip, and the cistern, R, filled with water by the pump, W, the tap, e, at the bottom of the pipe, F, is closed by raising the weighted rod, Gg. The four taps, 8, q, t, and u, are next opened, whereupon the water flows from the cistern, R, down into the air-vessel, B, driving the air out of it through the pipe, i, and tap, u. As soon as the vessel, B, is filled, the water proceeds up the pipe, b, and fills the vacuum chamber, a a, expelling the air from it through the tap, s. When the water has thus entirely displaced the air in the vessel, B, and vacuum chamber, aa, which will be at once evidenced by a perceptible rise of the water in the ante-chambers, K and P (the water having then no other outlet), the four taps, s, q, t, and u, are shut. The tap, e, is then opened by letting fall the rod, G g, on which the water in the air-vessel, B, descends

Fig. 2.

A vacuum more or less perfect is thus produced in the vessel, B, and chamber, a a, when the pressure of the external atmosphere being thereby brought to act upon the slip with a force proportionate to the degree of the exhaustion beneath, the water or moisture in the materials is forced through the porous tiles of the false bottom, A2, into the chamber, a, whence it flows off through B into the well, D. The state of the vacuum in B and aa may always be ascertained by inspection of the gauge, L.

Second Method.

According to this method the water or moisture is discharged from materials employed in the manufacture of pottery by atmospheric pressure, in the same way as in the preceding case; but the requisite exhaustion beneath the materials is obtained by the agency of steam. In fig. 2, we have shown the modifications which would be requisite in the arrangement represented in figs. 1 and 1', and before described, in order to the substitution of this method of exhaustion. A, B, D, F, H, P, R, q l, i, are all parts precisely similar to those indicated by the same letters in fig. 1. C is a steam boiler; c, a pipe. which leads from the boiler through a small water cistern, w, placed by the side of the large cistern, R, and terminates in the air-vessel, B; m, is a tap, by which the small cistern, w, is filled

from the large cistern, R; y, a tap affixed to a short branch pipe, which leads from the pipe c, into the large cistern R, (as is more clearly shown in the ground plan of R, given separately in fig. 2"), by the opening of which, tap y, water is supplied to the boiler, C; and z, are two other taps on the pipe c, by which the communication between the boiler, C, and air-vessel, B, is opened or shut: A is a tap, by which the cistern, w, may be emptied when required; 2" is a pipe with tap d, by which the antechamber P, at the exhaust end of the kiln pan or trough, is supplied with water; H is a water cistern, which is supplied by a branch-pipe z (having a tap v), from the pipe, za, and contains a condenser, O, which communicates on one side by a pipe, g, with the air-vessel B, and on the other, by the pipe 1, with the exhaust-chamber, a a, of the kiln pan or trough; ga is a tap to the pipe g, and q, a tap to the pipe, l; n is a pipe by which the water in the vessel, O, may be discharged into the pipe, F, and thence into the well D; G is a bucket, which is moved up and down the frame-work, N, by a rod, Ga. The mode of working with this apparatus is as follows:-The tap, d on the pipe, za, is first opened, which fills the ante-chamber, P, and through that, the exhaust-chamber, a a, under the false bottom of the kiln pan or trough, with water (the tap q, which commands the communication between, a a, and the condenser, O, being at this time closed). The taps, r, z, and go, are next opened, which allows the steam to flow from the boiler, C, along the pipe into the airvessel, B, and condenser, O, driving the air before it, down the pipes, n and F, into the well D. While the steam is still rushing through, the bucket, G, is drawn up by the rod, G", so that the bottom end of the discharge-pipe, F, may dip into the water in the bucket, and as soon as the air is all expelled from the vessels, B and O, the taps r and z are shut. The cistern, w, is now filled with water (by the tap m), and the portion of the pipe, c, between and z, also filled with water by turning the tap y, in order that any subsequent access of air through the pipe, c, to the vessel, B, by the pipe, c, may be prevented. The cistern, H", containing the condenser, O, is now filled with cold water by turning the tap, v, of the branch pipe, z, and the tap, q, opened, whereupon the steam in B and O becomes in a few minutes condensed (the water of condensation passing off through the pipes, n and F, into the well D), and the water in the exhaust-chamber, aa, of the kiln, pan, or trough rushing into the void thereby occasioned, a vacuum is also produced in that chamber, which brings the atmospheric pressure into

play on the surface of the materials, as in the plan first described.

Third Method.

By this method the vacuum under materials employed in the manufacture of pottery is obtained by means of an air-pump, in the manner represented in fig. 3. A, B, D, E, F, H, 6, and a, are parts similar to those indicated by the same letters in figs. 1, 1", and 1. P is a pipe which connects the air-vessel, B, with an air-pump, which may be of any suitable form or size, and may be either worked by hand or by machinery. The air in the exhaust-chamber, a a, of the kiln, pan, or trough, in the vessel, B, and pipe, F, is pumped out by the direct action of the air-pump, whereupon the atmospheric pressure acts on the slip (or the materials) to be operated on as before.

Fourth Method.

The displacement of the air under materials employed in the manufacture of pottery is effected according to this method by means of a lifting pump, which does away with the necessity for the deep well required by the three preceding methods. The details peculiar to this method are exhibited in fig. 4. B, is an air-vessel inclosed in a water cistern, H, and communicating by a pipe, b, with the exhaust chamber of a slip trough (or other vessel containing materials in a moist state), all as in figs. 1, 1a, and 1o. R, is a water cistern which is placed above the level of B. r, is a pipe which connects B and R, and is furnished with a tap, a. F, is a pipe which leads from the bottom of B to the bottom of the lift pump, W; and v, a tap to that pipe. C, is a water cistern, in which the lifting pump is placed to prevent any access of air through the valve, v, to the vessel, B. L, is a glass tube which is mounted in a framework on the top of the vessel, B, and communicates therewith. P, is a float to indicate the height of the water in the vessel, B (when admitted thereto), the stalk of which float moves up and down within the glass tube, L; n, is a small cistern of water which closes in the glass tube at top, but is itself open at top and contains a tap, t, which communicates through the bottom, m, with the interior of the tube, L. The mode of operating with this apparatus is as follows:-The tap, a, is first opened, in order to fill the air vessel, B, from the cistern, R, and then the tap, t, which allows the air expelled from B, to escape up the glass tube, L, and thence into the atmosphere. When the vessel, B, is filled, which will be seen by the rise of the stalk of the float in the glass, the taps, a and t, are closed. The tap, v, which commands the

As the most perfect vacuum which can be obtained by any of the preceding methods, or, in other words, the greatest atmospheric pressure which can be produced on the materials operated on cannot exceed 15 lbs. per square inch, and as we find that that pressure when exerted upon the materials in one large and undivided mass of any considerable depth, is insufficient to express the water or moisture from some close clays to the extent, and with the dispatch desirable, we make up for that deficiency in the expressing power, by increasing the quantity and activity of the absorbent surfaces in the manner exemplified in fig. 5. A, is a kiln pan or trough; b, a false bottom of porous tiles; a a, a series of concave tiles, the hollows in which form, with the open spaces around them, an exhaust chamber; and c, an air and water-tight bottom, all as in fig. 1. DD, are a series of upright porous tiles, which are loose or hinged to the false bottom, b, in order that they may be thrown back into the position represented at m, when the exhausting process has been completed, and it is requisite to remove the materials (reduced then to a proper consistency) from off the sides of these upright tiles. The amount of absorbent surface may be also increased by making the false bottom, b, of a corrugated form, but not to the same extent as by the hinged or loose upright tiles, which we therefore prefer. The addition of these tiles, DD, may be made to any of the four several arrangements or methods before descri'. ed.

Sixth Method.

Some materials, as sugar, boracic acid, &c., are of so porous a nature, that on the pressure of the atmosphere being applied to free them from moisture, much of the air is forced between and past the aqueous particles, without contributing to the desiccating result desired. In such cases, we construct the containing vessel in the manner represented in fig. 6. A, is the containing vessel, which is mounted on a basement of brickwork, and provided with an exhaust chamber at bottom, in the same way as in fig. 1. C, is a close cover, which is placed on the top of the materials, and pro