The Organic Codes: An Introduction to Semantic BiologyCambridge University Press, 2003 - Всего страниц: 301 The genetic code appeared on Earth with the first cells. The codes of cultural evolution arrived almost four billion years later. These are the only codes that are recognized by modern biology. In this book, however, Marcello Barbieri explains that there are many more organic codes in nature, and their appearance not only took place throughout the history of life but marked the major steps of that history. A code establishes a correspondence between two independent worlds , and the codemaker is a third party between those worlds . Therefore the cell can be thought of as a trinity of genotype, phenotype and ribotype. The ancestral ribotypes were the agents which gave rise to the first cells. The book goes on to explain how organic codes and organic memories can be used to shed new light on the problems encountered in cell signalling, epigenesis, embryonic development, and the evolution of language. |
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Стр. vii
... , 228 The semantic theory of evolution , 229 About organic codes , 234 The language model , 236 The Individuality Thesis , 237 The development of semantic biology , 240 243 Chapter 9 A brief summary The first principle , Contents vii.
... , 228 The semantic theory of evolution , 229 About organic codes , 234 The language model , 236 The Individuality Thesis , 237 The development of semantic biology , 240 243 Chapter 9 A brief summary The first principle , Contents vii.
Стр. xi
... language . One kind of organic memory accounts for the acquisition of the capacities that appear early in the ontogeny of language , then a second takes over . Again , codes are absolutely indispensable , and the emergence of new ones ...
... language . One kind of organic memory accounts for the acquisition of the capacities that appear early in the ontogeny of language , then a second takes over . Again , codes are absolutely indispensable , and the emergence of new ones ...
Стр. 2
... Languages evolved not only by chance mutations of letters in their words but also by changes in their grammatical rules , and the same would apply to living organisms . We must conclude , in short , that ... language . 2 Introduction.
... Languages evolved not only by chance mutations of letters in their words but also by changes in their grammatical rules , and the same would apply to living organisms . We must conclude , in short , that ... language . 2 Introduction.
Стр. 3
... language . It is imperative , therefore , to realise that there are organic codes which are not metaphorical but real , and to this purpose we clearly need to prove their existence . A code is a correspondence between two independent ...
... language . It is imperative , therefore , to realise that there are organic codes which are not metaphorical but real , and to this purpose we clearly need to prove their existence . A code is a correspondence between two independent ...
Стр. 5
... language ( needless to say , the code of another language would associate a different mental object to the same word ) . The meaning of a combination of dots and dashes is a letter of the alphabet , in the Morse code . The meaning of a ...
... language ( needless to say , the code of another language would associate a different mental object to the same word ) . The meaning of a combination of dots and dashes is a letter of the alphabet , in the Morse code . The meaning of a ...
Содержание
The microscope and the cell | 9 |
The cell theory | 10 |
The problem of generation | 12 |
The problem of embryonic development | 15 |
The two versions of the cell theory | 17 |
Mechanism | 19 |
The chemical machine | 21 |
The computer model | 24 |
Evolution of the code | 155 |
The ribotype metaphor | 157 |
Copymakers and codemakers | 159 |
The handicapped replicator | 161 |
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes | 163 |
The potassium world | 164 |
Two forms of life | 166 |
Three primary kingdoms | 168 |
The autopoietic cell | 27 |
The epigenetic cell | 29 |
Theories of evolution | 33 |
Traditional biology | 34 |
Lamarcks contribution | 36 |
Darwins bet | 38 |
Natural selection | 40 |
Organs of extreme perfection | 41 |
Common descent | 44 |
The second mechanism of evolution | 49 |
The Modern Synthesis | 51 |
Molecular evolution | 54 |
The third mechanism of evolution | 57 |
Macroevolution | 60 |
Where is biology going to? | 63 |
A new model for biology | 67 |
Reconstruction from incomplete projections | 69 |
A memorybuilding approach | 71 |
The algebraic method | 75 |
The theoretical limit | 79 |
an iterative algebraic method | 80 |
The memory matrix | 82 |
Density modulation | 84 |
the family of memory algorithms | 86 |
The two general principles of MRM | 89 |
Organic codes and organic memories | 93 |
The organic codes fingerprints | 96 |
The bridge between genes and organisms | 99 |
The splicing codes | 101 |
The signal transduction codes | 105 |
Contextual information | 111 |
Determination and cell memory | 112 |
The other face of pattern | 114 |
Hints from developing neurons | 117 |
The key structures of embryonic development | 119 |
The origin of life | 121 |
The primitive Earth | 122 |
Chemical evolution | 127 |
Postchemical evolution | 129 |
The metabolism paradigm | 131 |
The replication paradigm | 134 |
The RNA world | 138 |
Replication catastrophes | 140 |
Eigens paradox | 142 |
The ribotype theory | 145 |
The genetic code | 148 |
The last common ancestor | 173 |
The origins of bacteria | 175 |
The cytoskeleton | 178 |
The compartments | 180 |
Chromosomes | 182 |
The seven kingdoms | 185 |
Three thousand million years | 187 |
The Cambrian explosion | 191 |
The fossil record | 192 |
The experimental data | 193 |
Body plans and phylotypic stages | 196 |
The traditional explanations | 201 |
The Cambrian singularity | 202 |
The stumblingblock | 203 |
The reconstruction model | 204 |
Multicellular structures | 206 |
Biological memories | 209 |
A new model of the Cambrian explosion | 210 |
The conservation of the phylotypic stage | 213 |
Semantic biology | 217 |
The semantic theory of the cell | 219 |
The semantic theory of embryonic development | 221 |
The mind problem | 224 |
The semantic theory of mental development | 226 |
Artifacts and natural selection | 228 |
The semantic theory of evolution | 229 |
About organic codes | 234 |
The language model | 236 |
The Individuality Thesis | 237 |
The development of semantic biology | 240 |
A brief summary | 243 |
The first principle | 244 |
The second principle | 245 |
The third principle | 246 |
The fourth principle | 247 |
The first model | 248 |
The second model | 249 |
The third model | 250 |
The fourth model | 251 |
Conclusion | 253 |
Definitions of life | 255 |
Afterword | 265 |
References | 279 |
295 | |
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The Organic Codes: An Introduction to Semantic Biology Marcello Barbieri Недоступно для просмотра - 2002 |
Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
adaptation adaptors algorithm amino acids animals appeared archaebacteria bacteria Barbieri biologists body plan Cambrian explosion cell memory chemical evolution chromosomes codemakers codons common ancestor concept conclusion convergent increase copymakers cytoskeleton Darwin discovery Earth embryology embryonic development enzymes epigenesis epigenetic eukaryotes eukaryotic cell evolutionary example exist experimental explain fact Figure fossils genes genetic code genetic drift genome genotype heredity idea incomplete information increase of complexity individual iterative kingdoms logic machine macroevolution mathematical model means memory matrix messengers metabolism Metazoa microscope molecular molecules multicellular mutations natural conventions natural selection nucleic acids nucleotides organic codes organic memories organisation origin phase phenotype phyletic phyletic gradualism phylotypic stage phylum possible postchemical evolution precisely primitive principle problem processes produced projections protein synthesis reconstruction from incomplete result ribosoids ribosome ribotype ribotype theory semantic biology semantic theory signal transduction solution species splicing structures supracellular theoretical three-dimensional types vortices words