Question-Make the comparison between her and Madame de

Stael?

"Her intellect is like. She is not as dictatorial. I should give her a much higher moral character. She is strictly a moral woman. She is determined to accomplish whatever she undertakes, and therein she is like Madame de Stael."

Question-How do you compare her with Bulwer?

"I do not like to compare her with Bulwer, I think her moral character is superior to his. There is not so much romance about her as there is about Bulwer, she is not a novelist. She is too intellectual for me, it is overpowering. It gives me an unpleasant feeling through my head and ears. My head feels so tight. There is a ringing in the ears."

Question-How does it affect your eyesight?
"I do not notice any change."

Question-How does it affect your hearing?

"I am not deaf now, but I think I might be if under this influence long. She is deaf-I know who it is!"

Question-Who?

"I think it is Miss Martineau, I do not know of anybody else, that is such a woman, and deaf too."

IN continuation of this subject, the autographs of our late presidential candidates will be reached in due season. It is my object that the nature of these experiments should first be fully appreciated by the reader, before making their practical application to character. The latter is but the incidental result-the principal object being the demonstration of powers inherent in the human constitution, which may be applied to more important problems in investigating the constitution of man, his mind and his diseases.

The reader, I hope, has already tried the experiments of attraction and found persons who readily yield to the attraction of the hand, as described in the January Number. He has also perhaps found those who can readily recognize a medicinal influence, by holding a medicine (enveloped) in the hand. If so, he is prepared to try the experiments upon letters, and I hope soon to receive from intelligent correspondents, accounts of their success. If any of my readers meet with interesting results in this way, I should be pleased to receive their narratives.

The Psychometric experiment may be successfully made upon a large number: probably about one out of twenty will prove a suitable subject. In addition to the preliminary tests by attraction and with medicines, we should observe the head and temperament. A delicate, refined constitution-with a head predominant in the anterior and superior organs, full in the temples and prominent above the root of the nose, presents the most favorable conditions. In such cases, the pupil of the eye is generally large. (To be continued.)

H

ART. II.-THE SPHERES OF GOOD AND EVIL ΙΝ ΜΑΝ.

THE engraving which illustrates this subject embodies important principles. The tendencies to good and evil are inherent in the constitution of man, each tendency having a specific home in his nervous fibres. To judge correctly in each individual, as to the predominance of his good and evil tendencies, is a grave task for the phrenologist and physiognomist. If we would do it correctly, it must be done either by means of reference to the constitutional form and development, or by observing the movement and expression of the individual, under the influence of various excitements.

The scientific principles by which to judge of expression, as arising from movement of the features and person, I propose to communicate fully hereafter. At present I would point out the relative location of the organs, which tend to virtue and human happiness, and of those which are the sources of our crimes and misfortunes.

We find by careful experiment upon the living brain, and also by craniological observation, that every influence connected with the anterior and superior portions of the brain is pleasant and beneficial. Persons in whom any of these organs are excited, find the excitement altogether agreeable, and are pleased to have it continued or repeated. The physiological, as well as the mental influence of these organs is delightful. They tend alike, in their mental and physical effects, to produce a calm and happy condition, in which the mind is serene, the body quiet, the senses clear and all the sensations pleasant or joyous. In proportion as we approach the occipital portion of the head, the organs yield a more intense excitement, which more vigorously affects the body, and impels us to action. In proportion as we approach the inferior regions of the brain, this excitement becomes not only intense but irritating and disagreeable. It is true a moderate excitement of the inferior organs, like the first influence of a sip of brandy, may be agreeable, but, whenever their influence predominates over the higher organs, it becomes intensely disagreeable.

Thus, in daily life, we know that in proportion as the baser passions, anger, jealousy, fear, despair, &c., predominate, our happiness is destroyed, while he in whom Hope, Love, Truth and Firmness rule the whole mind, attains a uniform serenity and happiness.

To draw the dividing line between those portions of the human brain, which thus contribute to human happiness, as the organs of happy emotions, and those which tend, in their unrestrained action, to destroy our peace of mind, is a delicate task. A large number

of our faculties and organs do not belong decidedly to the class of either good or evil, and to assign them positively and entirely to either class, would lead to misconception.

Fortunately, the phrenological structure of the brain, admits of a very simple and satisfactory method of division. The leading principle of its arrangement is, that organs of similar functions are grouped in immediate contiguity, while those which are the most dissimilar lie farthest apart, in opposite regions. Hence, the good and noble elements of character are found grouped together, in the superior and anterior regions of the brain, while the base and violent elements are grouped together, in the opposite region-the inferior and posterior portions. The best and worst elements being at the greatest distance apart, while many traits of character, which are partially evil or moderately good when predominant, arise from an intermediate region, a neutral ground between the contending forces of good and evil.

To draw the proposed dividing line, would be entirely impracticable, according to the system of Gall and Spurzheim. The erroneous location of Acquisitiveness, placing it in contact with the moral region, when it should be located near the ear, and the misunderstanding of the functions of the occipital organs, giving them a much higher moral character than they are entitled to, render it impossible to classify the regions of the brain correctly, according to their system. Hence, the cultivators of the old system of phrenology, have never been able to draw the line between the good and evil tendencies located in the brain. They have classed the organs in different groups, but the simple division, or separation by a line, of good and evil tendencies, they have not been able to accomplish, for such a division would not have been in harmony with the details of the system.

For want of such a dividing line, we find the phrenological writers suggesting a method of estimating the relative influence of good and evil, which is not strictly in accordance with the science, although it very conveniently approximates the truth. They suggest the comparison of different heads, by drawing a line horizontally from the middle of the forehead backward. By means of such a line we may conveniently compare different heads as to their moral character, by observing the relative amounts of brain above and below the line. The height and breadth of the upper region, compared with the depth and breadth of the lower division, enable us to determine which will preponderate in the characters. But in this method of estimation, the lower portion of the intellectual organs is estimated in connection with those of evil tendency, although in truth, no intellectual organ can be regarded

as tending to moral evil. Such a mode of division is, moreover grossly inconsistent with the old system of phrenology, according to which the love of money (Acquisitiveness) would occupy the upper region of this division, while the love of children, and even the love of friends, would occupy the lower department.

The true line of division, according to the discoveries and demonstrations of Neurology, runs from the alæ of the nose backward and upward to the crown of the head, near the center of the scalp, from which the hair radiates in different directions.

This line, as illustrated in the engraving, passes behind the orbit of the eye, above the cheek bone, across the lower part of the temples, through the region of Cautiousness, and just behind the prominent center of the parietal bone to the upper margin of Self Esteem, near its junction with Firmness, thus leaving Firmness above, and nearly the whole of Self Esteem below the line. The line runs successively through the organs of Restraint, Cautiousness, Reverence and Sensibility, then crossing the face to the nose, thus completes the circle around the brain, of which we can say that all above this line is of intellectual, moral and beneficial tendencywhile all below and behind it, is more or less selfish, vicious and injurious, if allowed to become the controlling influence.

Not only the blind passions and crimes of men, but the vices, or infirmities of the physical constitution, take their origin in the inferior portion of the brain. It is true that the inferior portions of the brain, lying behind the ears, are the sources of a great amount of physical energy-but the inferior portions anterior to the ear are the sources of various debilitating, morbid influences. The signs by which we recognize a feeble and sickly constitution, lie almost entirely anterior to the ear. This division of the brain, although not a physiological division, does separate the physiologically beneficial from the physiologically injurious tendencies, although not in so correct a manner as if it had been made with reference to physiology alone.

We may say, therefore, that those in whom the superior division predominates, are governed entirely by the intellectual and moral faculties, and not only have in their minds a tendency to think and feel right on all subjects, but have in their bodies a tendency to sound, calm and well balanced action of every function, thus preserving the harmony and regularity of perfect health.

In fact a full development of the superior and anterior half of the brain, furnishes the means of attaining all that men should most desire-intelligence, health, virtue and happiness. It gives, if duly cultivated, a vigorous and brilliant mind, attractive manners, warm affections, elevated and holy principles of life, serenity, self-control, temperance, untiring energy and fortitude, and a tone of health which will resist all ordinary causes of disease. In short, the predominance of this better half of the brain, furnishes the elements of physical and mental perfection.

I do not mean to say, that this superior portion of the brain, alone

forms the complete man. By no means. The animal and sensual elements of the character and constitution, are indispensable-indispensable to life and to efficiency. But I do affirm, that whatever may be the development of the inferior half of the brain, the decided predominance of the superior half will furnish the means of attaining health, happiness and intelligence, and avoiding all the evils of life.

Intelligence is derived from the anterior portion; virtue and happiness from the central superior region; energy and health from the most posterior portion, adjacent to the dividing line, where Firmness, Temperance and Industry, connect with the selfish ambition of the occipital organs.

As the neurological system reveals the functions of those portions of the brain, which are concealed by the face, it enables us to continue our dividing line across the face to the alæ of the nose. It is unnecessary to go farther, as these portions of the face from the nose to the chin, upon the median line, cover organs in the brain which belong to the neutral region, and co-operate either with good or with evil. Hence, the termination, and indeed the entire course, of the dividing line might vary in heads of a very good and those of a very vicious character. In the former, all the neutral organs, such as Cautiousness, Restraint, Ardor, &c., would co-operate with the predominant moral sentiment, and might thus be practically elevated in their character-while in the latter they would co-operate with the evil passions, and thus legitimately belong to the inferior division. Each predominant organ infects the whole brain with its peculiar influence, and modifies the temperament or character of every other organ. Thus in a brain, in which evil predominates, all the organs sink a grade lower in their manifestations; the intellect has less elevation, and even the moral sentiments are far less elevated and pure.

This principle I have aimed to express, in the engraving, by giving to the evil region in one case an inclination to encroach upon the higher organs, and in the other case, making the higher organs descend to control a larger portion of the neutral territory, upon the borders of the division.

In the perfect man (if such an expression may be allowed in reference to a being, necessarily imperfect, and capable only of approximating toward perfection), the higher organs so control and elevate the lower, as to extirpate all evil from the constitution and render every thing pure and good.

Let us labor to attain this condition! Let us exercise in the manly duties of life, our courage and firmness of purpose, our Enthusiasm, Hope and Love, until we have elevated and purified the animal nature-until our anger shall be no longer a harsh and revengeful passion against our fellow beings, but shall be merely the iron backbone of our will-an indomitable energy for the performance of duty-until our disgust against the wickedness, the selfishness and the littleness, which we are compelled to meet in