applying the appropriate correction indicated by Neurology. I might narrate a portion of my own experience in self-scrutiny, and in application of science to personal improvement; but, notwithstanding the examples of Rousseau and Lamartine, I should find it rather difficult to lay aside that feeling of personal reserve, which is common wherever the English language is spoken, and which induces us to shrink from presenting, before the public, trivial details which relate merely to self. But, I can assure the reader, this study of self is most intensely interesting, since it is through self-consciousness that we obtain the most thorough knowledge of mental philosophy, and all our studies of this subject become practical lessons in virtue and happiness.

Self-education, guided by self-study, is the great duty of human life. For the young, who are not yet competent to self-study and self-amendment, this duty must be performed by others. To understand, properly, the immature characters of youth, and the successive course of their development to appreciate their diversities, and estimate their latent powers-require not merely craniology, physiognomy, and personal intercourse, but the sympathetic and delicate powers of Psychometry. This enables us to understand a character differing widely from our own, and to appreciate the peculiarities of each, in reference to an exact scientific standard. All who have assiduously cultivated themselves, know how greatly their own characters and mental powers would have been improved, if their early education had been guided by persons who possessed this delicate appreciation of character, and who could judiciously supply each defect, until the whole was formed into symmetry.

A good psychometer possesses a sympathetic perception, which enables him to conceive a character very foreign to his own, and even to appreciate the capacities and unfolding powers of a child. It is possible that, by the proper exercise of this power, the whole career and probable vices, as well as physical infirmities of the child, may be so fully anticipated as to enable us effectually to prevent any serious evil effecting the moral character or physical constitution.

But these diagnostic examinations will be practiced principally by means of direct contact with the head, learning from each organ its exact condition. This method, which is similar in principle to the experiments upon autographs, may be appropriately referred to the essays upon Sympathetic Diagnosis and Nervous Impressibility.

[In the next essay I shall consider the application of Psychome try to public characters.]

ART. II.-CRANIOLOGY AND CRANIOSCOPY.

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CRANIOLOGY was the name originally used by Dr. Gall for the science of which he laid the foundation. This name indicated the most prominent feature of his researches, for he was principally engaged in the study of cranial development, as the most satisfactory method of learning the forins and functions of the brain. But as the cranium and brain were studied merely as the apparatus of the mind, and indices of its powers, the term Phrenology (science of mind) has been generally substituted for Craniology (science of the cranium).

The use of the term Phrenology recognizes the mind as the subject of our study, and regards the brain and cranium as of subordinate importance. Craniology (the science of skulls) is intimately connected with Phrenology or mental science; yet neither name occupies the central position of Anthropology, for neither name signifies the science of the brain, and neither is sufficiently comprehensive. The science of the brain, and all the forms of nervous matter, is signified by the term NEUROLOGY-the comprehensive term which includes all mental and vital phenomena, as they are all connected

with nervous matter.

CRANIOSCOPY, the science or art of surveying and estimating the cranium, is the proper term for what is commonly called practical Phrenology. There are many CRANIOSCOPISTS, or practical phrenologists (as they are commonly called), who are not critically acquainted with the anatomy of the brain and cranium; but it is obvious that a good cranioscopist should be thoroughly acquainted with the anatomy of the head. Indeed, some important errors are quite common among the cranioscopists of Europe and America, from the lack of critical attention to the facts of anatomy.

The human brain is situated within the cranium--a firm, bony box, by which it is mechanically supported and securely protected from injury. The cranium also regulates and restrains the cerebral circulation of blood, preventing the blood vessels from distending so as to injure the soft structure of the brain. The cranium forms a solid and complete wall around the brain, except at certain apertures in the basis of the skull, called foramina (or holes), through which its nerves and blood vessels pass. The principal foramen (called foramen magnum) lies near the middle of the bottom of the skull, midway between the ears, and slightly further back. Through this descends the spinal cord, the great medium of connection between the brain and body. The foramen magnum is necessarily near the middle of the basis of the skull, as the condyles, or prominences upon which the head is balanced, are at the margin of this foramen. There are some smaller foramina in the basis of

the skull, for the passage of the nerves of the face, eyes, nose, mouth, and for the large blood vessels.

With the exception of these foramina, filled by the nerves and blood-vessels passing through them, the skull is a solid body, and resists any change in the form or proportions of the brain. Those who are not acquainted with physiology, sometimes suppose, that this fact destroys all the value and truth of cranioscopy. But they forget that the cranium always accommodates itself to the growth of the brain by growing, and by changing its form in the progress of development from childhood to manhood. If, after attaining manhood, the brain should continue to grow and modify its shape, the skull is still capable of growth, as at an earlier period.

POSITION OF THE BRAIN. The brain lies within the cranium, above the orbit of the eye, the face and the neck. The vault of the eye socket or orbit, is formed by a thin plate of bone (a part of the frontal), upon which the front lobe of the brain rests. The eyebrows are about upon the level of this supra-orbitar plate-conse quently, they show us how low the frontal portion of the brain descends, except at the outward extremity of the brow, where the brain rises a little higher than it does internally at the root of the nose. By taking hold of the external orbitar process of the frontal bone in our own head (see plate), we can easily observe that it projects more than half an inch below the bottom of the front lobe of the brain. Consequently, a line to indicate the basis of the brain, should commence at the internal end of the brow-run outward, ascending slightly-continue back, horizontally, upon the temples, about an inch-then descend behind the socket

of the eye to the margin of the cheek bone, and continue backward, horizontally, around the head, passing just over the meatus auditoriis (opening of the ear), and terminating on the occiput at the occipital spine or knob, which can he felt, upon most heads, as a decided sharp protuberance upon the median line. All the cerebral convolutions which forın the cerebrum lie

above this boundary. But a portion of the skull, which runs be low this line, forms a double concavity in the neck behind the ears, containing that portion of the brain which is called the cerebellum. The cerebellum (or little brain) lies behind the ears, below the cerebrum, and upon the level of the lower portion of the ear. It might be compared in shape, to two turnips which had grown together by their adjacent surfaces; while the cerebrum, or principal brain, being of a more elongated shape, might be compared to two beans, connected and compressed together.

The line above described as the basis of the cerebrum, passes (behind the ears), along the level of the tentorium, a membrane which stretches firmly across the basis of the skull, and separates the cerebrum and cerebellum. If we pass our hands along this line to the occipital knob, we may discover upon the skull, a horizontal

ridge and furrow corresponding to the position of the tentorium or basis of the cerebrum. All below this line is occupied by the cerebellum.

With this description of the position of the brain, we perceive why all organs, as externally marked upon the skull, should terminate at the boundary above described. But there is a considerable portion of the brain in contact with the basis of the skull, which is concealed by the face and neck, and, consequently, not included heretofore in this external mapping of the cranium. This portion of the surface of the brain contains important organs, and if their functions are known, it is necessary that they should be indicated upon our phrenological chart. As Neurology has developed those functions, it marks the names of these organs upon the proximate portions of the face and neck, through which the locations in the brain may be reached. Thus the organs marked upon the face occupy that portion of the surface of the brain which is covered by the face.

Method of Examining the Head.-The manual examination of the head for the purpose of learning its phrenological indications, is usually performed in a very imperfect manner in the first attempts of phrenological students. They generally place one or two hands upon the head, not with a view to learning its general contour, but for the purpose of hunting out its bumps or protuberances, by passing their fingers over the surface. This is precisely what they should not do. The whole hand should be used-not the extremities of the fingers. They should place the whole hand gently upon the head-not rubbing it, nor moving the hand enough to disturb a single lock of hair, but using a gentle pressure, with a slight vermicular motion of the hand, so as to move the integuments upon the cranium. Thus there will be no friction between the hand and the scalp, but a gentle gliding of the scalp upon the cranium, so as to give us a perfect conception of the form of the bone undisturbed by friction-the form being thus ascertained as well as if we were examining the naked skull.

If we used merely the ends of the fingers we would obtain no adequate idea of the form of the head. The idea of form is obtained by the simultaneous perception of a number of points, lines, or forms, which, by their co-existence, determine the contour of the object. By using the ends of the fingers merely, we acquire ideas of a few points consecutively which do not constitute any important portion of the form of the head, whereas, by using the whole hand, we obtain at once, a conception of a large portion of the surface of the cranium.

The examination for bumps is altogether delusive. Bumpology is not Cranioscopy nor practical Phrenology. Strictly speaking, bumps do not indicate cerebral developments; they belong to the bony structure of the skull above, and should be omitted in our estimates of development. A bump is a bold, well defined prominence, of a rather abrupt character; such prominences never arise

from the growth of the brain. The convolutions of the brain, when they modify the form of the cranium, produce gently swelling, spherical contours. If, then, we imagine all the bumps removed from the skull, the remaining outline will be the proper form from which to judge of development.

The bumps upon the cranium occur in regular positions which anatomy indicates. At the back of the head, upon the median line between the cerebrum and cerebellum, we find the occipital spine or knob. Behind the ear we have the mastoid process. On the side of the head, running upward and backward from the brow, we have the temporal arch which often forms a very distinct ridge from the forehead to the middle of the parietal bone. The different sutures are frequently accompanied by bony irregularities and prominences, excepting the squamous suture, which is smooth and imperceptible to the touch of the cranioscopist. The ridge of bone at the brow, called the superciliary arch, and its most prominent portion, the external orbitar process, must be omitted from our calculation in estimating the developments at the basis of the front lobe. If we examine this ridge in a skull, we find that it projects in an abrupt manner, half or three-fourths of an inch, and that the external protuberance differs widely from the smooth, curving outlines of the interior.

Interior of the Skull.-When we examine the interior of the cranium we find it marked by the digital impressions of the convolutions which are frequently quite distinct, and by the blood-vessels which lie in contact with the internal plate of the bone.

If we look at the basis of the skull, we find three divisions distinctly marked, which correspond to the three lobes of the brain. which they accommodate. The anterior platform which supports the front lobe consists of the supra-orbital plate of the frontal bone, which forms the vault of the orbit. The middle space which lies about an inch lower, and behind the orbit of the eye, receives the middle lobe of the brain, which rests upon the sphenoid and temporal bones. We observe, at the back part of this middle space, the petrous ridge of the temporal bone, which constitutes its posterior boundary. From this ridge, to its fellow of the opposite side, and along the occipital bone, is extended the Tentorium, upon which rests the posterior lobe of the cerebrum, and beneath which lies the cerebellum.

Cranial Bones.-The cranium consists of five bones, the frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal and sphenoid; each of which is double and is originally formed in two distinct halves, which unite on the median line. These bones are connected by sutures or seams, called the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid and squamous. The sphenoid bone lies in the central basis of the skull between the frontal bone before, the occipital and temporal bones behind, and the parietal bones at the side, with each of which it is in contact. The wings of the sphenoid appear in the temples behind the orbit. They also help to form the back of the orbit, where they lie between the eye